Fair Value or Cost Mode Drivers of Choice for Ias 40

European Accounting Review Vol. 19, No. 3, 461†493, 2010 Fair Value or Cost Model? Drivers of Choice for IAS 40 in the Real Estate Industry A. QUAGLI? what's more, F. AVALLONE ? Division of Accounting and Business Studies (DITEA), University of Genova, Genova, Italy and ? ? Branch of Computer and Management Science (DISA), University of Trento, Trento, Italy (Received September 2008; acknowledged February 2010) ABSTRACT The IFRS compulsory selection in European nations is a brilliant setting from which to evaluate the legitimacy of bookkeeping decision hypothesis, which hypothesizes that data asymmetry, legally binding ef? iency (office costs) and administrative advantage reasons could drive the decision. With this point, we test the effect of these elements to clarify the appropriation of reasonable incentive for speculation properties (IAS 40) in the land business, considering the ‘revaluation’ alternative offered by IFRS1 and utilizing authentic expense without r evaluations as a standard class for correlation purposes. We select an example of European land organizations from Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and Sweden, all ? rst-time adopters of the IFRS. Utilizing a multinomial strategic model, we show that data asymmetry, legally binding ef? iency and administrative advantage could represent the reasonable worth decision. Especially, the most signi? cant ? ndings are that size as an intermediary of political expenses lessens the probability of utilizing reasonable worth while showcase to-book proportion is contrarily connected with the reasonable worth decision. Then again, influence, another run of the mill intermediary of contracting costs, appears not to in? uence the decision. This proof con? rms the present legitimacy of customary bookkeeping decision hypothesis regardless of whether it uncovers, in such a unique situation, the insignificance of the typical relations between bookkeeping decision and influence. . Present ation We investigate if the decision between cost or reasonable incentive for speculation property under IAS 40 focuses on (I) decreasing organization costs (authoritative ef? ciency Correspondence Address: A. Quagli, Department of Accounting and Business Studies (DITEA), University of Genova, Via Vivaldi 2, 16126 Genova (GE), Italy. Email: [emailâ protected] unige. it 0963-8180 Print/1468-4497 Online/10/030461â€33 # 2010 European Accounting Association DOI: 10. 1080/09638180. 2010. 496547 Published by Routledge Journals, Taylor and Francis Ltd for the EAA. 462 A. Quagli and F. Avallone easons), (ii) moderating data asymmetries, as standard setters guarantee, or (iii) permitting administrative advantage, run of the mill thought processes de? ned by bookkeeping decision hypothesis (Holthausen, 1990; Fields et al. , 2001). Utilizing a multinomial calculated relapse, we test these speculations utilizing 73 perceptions from land organizations situated in European nations (Finland, F rance, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and Sweden) which don't permit the reasonable worth strategy in the pre-IFRS obligatory period so as to dispense with the in? uence of prior reasonable worth reception. All these ? rms are ? sttime IFRS adopters, empowering us to look at a similar bookkeeping decision in a comparative circumstance (? rst-time reception). The compulsory appropriation of IAS 40 (Investment properties) by European recorded organizations offers a one of a kind chance to confirm managers’ conduct in a composite setting of bookkeeping decision. Indeed, IAS 40 permits two elective techniques for evaluation of speculation property resources: the cost strategy or the reasonable worth strategy with acknowledgment of reasonable worth changes through star? t and misfortune. Also, considering the IFRS1 ‘fair esteem as regarded cost’ choice, the cost decision could be part into two lternatives: (I) authentic expense without revaluation, (ii) verifiable expe nse with the IFRS1 choice to revaluate speculation property. This subsequent choice could speak to an incomplete substitute for the reasonable worth strategy, indicating its belongings just in value without in? uencing ace? t and misfortune. 1 Thus, our model accept the decision of applying verifiable expense without revaluating it as the referent result classification to think about (Y ? 0), and structures logits contrasting the decision of utilizing authentic expense with IFRS1 revaluations of venture property (Y ? 1) and reasonable worth decision (Y ? 2) to it. Our ? dings propose that all the bases depicted by bookkeeping decision hypothesis (data asymmetry, authoritative ef? ciency and administrative advantage) drive the choice to receive reasonable worth. In reality, in regards to authoritative ef? ciency reasons specifically, we ? nd that the bigger the size (intermediary of political costs), the more outlandish reasonable worth is to be picked, while influence and ensuing le nders’ assurance is by all accounts insigni? cant for the decision. Moreover, our outcomes demonstrate that showcase to-book proportion (MTBV) (intermediary of data asymmetry) is adversely identified with the reasonable worth decision. This ? nding, that con? cts with existing writing, could be represented in the land business because of the way that significant levels of MTBV in this setting uncover development openings related with a reasonable estimation of speculation properties and along these lines with a uninformed asymmetry. Administrative advantage conduct, estimated by a fake variable for income smoothing, appears to have an in? uence on reasonable worth decision. While every one of these factors appear to have an in? uence on the reasonable worth decision, similar factors don't clarify the decision of chronicled cost with the IFRS1 revaluation choice in inclination to the cost support approach.This paper offers different commitments to current writing. Right off th e bat, as far as we could possibly know, it is one of the ? rst papers speci? cally centered around the decision Fair Value or Cost Model? 463 among cost and reasonable incentive in the IFRS setting. We play out the investigation utilizing an example of ? rst-time IFRS adopters from a few European nations receiving just the cost strategy in the pre-IFRS stage so as to both not limit the exploration to the conventional correlation among German and UK ? rms and kill the danger of in? uence from past experience.Secondly, this paper acquaints with the bookkeeping decision writing an exploration intended to break down the in? uence of different inspirations (legally binding ef? ciency, data asymmetry and administrative advantage) for a various decision condition (cost, cost with IFRS1 revaluation or reasonable incentive through professional? t and misfortune), testing through a multinomial strategic relapse all the potential causes. Past research, despite what might be expected, generall y neglects an examination of numerous inspirations (Fields et al. , 2001, pp. 290 †291).In different words, contrasted with existing examinations we lead an investigation utilizing a creative numerous inspirations †various decisions approach that better catches the multifaceted nature of bookkeeping decisions in the executives choices. At long last, we add to the present discussion on reasonable worth demonstrating which ? rm attributes drive the decision of this strategy. While data asymmetries are the most talked about thought processes in reasonable worth, we show the in? uence of authoritative ef? ciency inspiration just as administrative advantage, and the genuine decisions by ? ms exhibit just a ‘partial enthusiasm’ towards reasonable worth, even in a part where fluid markets exist. The paper continues as follows. Segment 2 concerns the writing identified with our examination. Segment 3 proceeds to portray the principle highlights of IAS 40 and the preIF RS local GAAP of the nations examined. Segment 4 shows the improvement of our speculations, while Section 5 gives subtleties on the exact model structure, variable de? nition, test determination and information. At last, Section 6 portrays elucidating insights, the principle ? ndings and the heartiness of the outcomes. . Hypothesis and Relation to Existing Research The decision between reasonable worth and cost is a focal subject in the ebb and flow banter on bookkeeping. Reasonable worth is commonly favored because of the way that ?nancial proclamations uncover a more elevated level of data (CFA Institute Center, 2008),2 regardless of whether its selection requires speci? c conditions: fluid markets, huge database of accessible costs (Barth and Landsman, 1995; Ball, 2006), just as new skills in creating estimation models without fluid markets, making it conceivable to upgrade gauge dependability (Schipper, 2005).On the other hand, the unwavering quality of reasonable worth evaluati ons is the most basic point (Martin et al. , 2006; Watts, 2006; Whittington, 2008), with the potential harm brought to the stewardship capacity of ? nancial proclamations. All the more by and large, the interest for reasonable worth must be assessed in its speci? c nation setting. The interest for reasonable worth and the related inclination for a more elevated level of data versus unwavering quality of ? nancial proclamations in Common law nations is very unique in relation to a similar interest in Code law nations (see Ball et al. 2000). 464 A. Quagli and F. Avallone Alternatively, a cost model appears to be more ef? cient in an authoritative viewpoint since it lessens organization costs created by creditors’ assurance, political perceivability, tax assessment and case (Watts, 2003; Qiang, 2007). Late investigations, nonetheless, appear to overlook the significance that the examination of the appropriation of IFRS assessment choices could have in giving some more clarificat ions to managers’ bookkeeping decisions and, thus, for the advancement of bookkeeping decision theory.Therefore, the decision among cost and reasonable worth is a focal point in this sense. Following the structure of Francis et al. (2004), reasonable worth and cost influence the properties of bookkeeping numbers in a totally different manner. Reasonable worth is more worth relevant,3 and gives progressively unsurprising and convenient income ? gures in light of the fact that it is progressively situated towards future money ? ows (resultant by the present estimation of certain advantages); despite what might be expected, the cost technique approach underpins conservatism, perfection and the gathering quality, because of the acknowledgment of val

Shiloh by Bobbie Ann Mason Essay -- Shiloh Bobbie Ann Mason Essays

Shiloh by Bobbie Ann Mason Character Sketch      In Bobbie Ann Mason’s story â€Å"Shiloh† she presents the character of Norma Jean as having a solid character yet a vacancy profound inside. Norma Jean is introduced as a solid character outwardly in the opening of the story. â€Å"She lifts three-pound free weights to heat up, the advances to a twenty-pound barbell.†(Mason p. 46). Anyway as the story advances she displays the vacancy which she feels. â€Å"One day Leroy shows up home from a drive and discovers Norma Jean in tears.† (Mason p. 50). Norma Jean feels a vacancy toward her perished kid, her significant other, and furthermore her mom. Her vacancy toward her significant other might be found in the manner she associates with him. She feels truly awkward when she is around him. Norma Jean is continually attempting to discover something for him to do. At the point when he showed up back home Mason expresses the â€Å"she appears to be a little disappointed.† (Mason p. 47). The vacancy she feels toward her mom is introduced in the emotions she has toward her. Her expired child represents her void in light of his passing.      In the start of the story Norma Jean attempts to hide the void that she has felt for such huge numbers of years. Bricklayer first presents her as a solid character by clarifying how she works out and might want to get more grounded. She may get more grounded truly, however nothing can beat the void which she feels. Norma Jean attempts to assist her with husbanding find a new line of work, and she gives him an assortment...

Why Tuberculosis (TB) is a Contemporary Public Health Issue - Free Essay Example

With reference to the UK, discuss the reasons why tuberculosis (TB) is a contemporary public health issue and give examples of relevant public health and health promotion initiatives. With the exception of HIV/AIDS, infection with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) causes more human deaths each year than any other infectious agent (World Health Organization, 2014a). The symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) are often non-specific and depend on the site of infection. Patients may present with fever, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats or lassitude, but a persistent productive cough is the hallmark of pulmonary tuberculosis (Department of Health, 2006). MTB bacilli multiply within infected macrophages for long periods of time and may be transported in the lymphatics or bloodstream to any part of the body (Gill and Beeching, 2004). Humans are the only reservoir of infection and transmission of tuberculosis occurs when infectious respiratory secretions are aerosolized by coughing, sneezing or talking. These may remain suspended in the air for long periods and are small enough to reach terminal air spaces if inhaled (Gill and Beeching, 2004). Patients with lung disease are the main source of infection and 52% of cases notified in the UK in 2013 had pulmonary disease (Public Health England, 2014c). 5 to 10% of people will develop active tuberculosis after primary infection reducing to 3% within one year of exposure; however over 90% of MTB infection is non-pathogenic within a normal human lifespan (Gill and Beeching, 2004). The incidence of tuberculosis in the UK in 2013 (12.3/100 000) was higher than most other Western Europ ean countries (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)/WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2013) and nearly five times as high as the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013), having increased steadily since the late 1980’s (Public Health England, 2014a). Rates of infection have declined by 11.6% in the past two years, where 73% of cases occurred among people born outside the UK. Of these, India, Pakistan and Somalia were the most common countries of origin but only 15% were recent migrants indicating a high rate of reactivation of latent tuberculosis (Public Health England, 2014c). The number of migrants from countries with very high TB incidence (250 per 100,000) decreased by 68% in the last decade and indicators of recent transmission reflect a decline in primary infections. However, the rate of infection among the UK born adult population has remained stable (Public Health England, 2014c) and strain typing suggests that up to 4 0% of all UK cases may be newly acquired (Public Health England, 2014a). Consequently, Public Health England has identified TB as a major priority (12). Globally, tuberculosis affects predominately young adults (World Health Organization, 2014b) and the highest rates of infection in the non-UK born population are among 25 to 29 year olds. Of patients born in Britain, TB is most virulent in those aged over 75 years and both sexes are equally at risk (Public Health England, 2014c). The burden of TB in England is concentrated in the most deprived communities of large urban areas and London accounted for 37.8% of patients in 2013 (Public Health England, 2014c). Nearly half of these cases were unemployed and 10% had a history of alcohol or drug misuse, homelessness or imprisonment. 6% were health-care workers (Public Health England, 2014c). Tuberculosis is particularly virulent among the immunosuppressed and people with HIV are 26 to 31 times more likely to contract the disease. Tobacco use has also been associated with 20% of TB cases worldwide (World Health Organization, 2014b). TB is transmitted most effectively in environments where MTB microbes accumulate in the atmosphere, for example in overcrowded and poorly ventilated living and working conditions (Gill and Beeching, 2004). Individuals with close and/or prolonged contact with a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis or connections to higher-prevalence areas of the world are particularly at risk (Department of Health, 2006). Transmission is also favoured by dark and humid conditions, such as mines and prisons (Gill and Beeching, 2004) and several authors have implicated vitamin D deficiency in the disease pathogenesis, although findings are varied and inconclusive (Kearns et al., 2014). Active TB may be mild or asymptomatic for many months and sufferers may unknowingly infect up to 15 people over the course of a year (World Health Organization, 2014b). Drug-resistant TB is an increasing probl em in the UK and multi-drug resistant TB comprised 1.6% of cases in 2012 (Public Health England, 2013a). Although MDR tuberculosis is unlikely to be more contagious, patients are infectious for longer than those with fully sensitive tuberculosis (Borrell and Gagneux, 2009, Anderson et al., 2014). The features of effective national TB control programmes have been well documented (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011, Story et al., 2012, Department of Health TB Action Plan Team, 2007, Public Health England, 2014a) and include transparent systems of accountability, adequate resources, active local implementation and close outcome monitoring (Abubakar et al., 2011). These activities are managed in the UK by Public Health England together with a wide range of stakeholders such as NHS England, and include screening. Screening strategies differ for the detection of early active and latent asymptomatic TB, the latter of which is recommended by NICE for individua ls at high risk of infection (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011) and referred to as active case finding (ACF) (Golub et al., 2005, Zenner et al., 2013). Identifying tuberculosis early allows for prompt treatment and reduces transmission (Public Health England, 2014b). In the UK, ACF is targeted at healthcare workers involved in exposure prone procedures, close contacts of known or suspected tuberculosis patients, and people with social risk factors such as homelessness, drug or alcohol misuse, imprisonment or migration from high risk countries (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2012). Several local authorities and primary care trusts have successfully piloted such schemes, although weaknesses in coordination and targeting have been identified (Pareek et al., 2011a). London’s UCLH Find and Treat Service, for example, screens almost 10 000 socially vulnerable people at high risk of tuberculosis annually (University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 2014). Various UK charities, such as ‘TB Alert’, raise public awareness of tuberculosis and support Primary Care Trusts. They build capacity of third sector organisations and inform and subsidize patients and communities (TB Alert, 2014). The UK Border Agency, in collaboration with the International Organization for Migration, conducts pre-entry screening for active infection across 15 countries where tuberculosis is common (over 40/100,000) (Home Office UK Border Agency, 2012, Public Health England, 2013b). Visa applicants from these countries wishing to stay in the UK for more than 6 months are screened for pulmonary TB and granted entry only on receipt of a certificate of clearance (Public Health England, 2014b). Funding from the Health Protection Agency (HPA) also supports screening activity at Heathrow and Gatwick airports (Home Office UK Border Agency, 2012). Screening is routinely offered to asylum seekers and refugees acc epted for resettlement into the UK through the Gateway Programme (Home Office UK Border Agency, 2012). There is further evidence that screening migrants for latent TB on entry to the UK is cost effective for the NHS (Pareek et al., 2011b). Internationally, the World Health Organization operates via the Stop TB Partnership to set targets, procure and grant funds and resources, lobby governments, educate and advocate on behalf of TB communities (World Health Organization, 2006, Stop TB Partnership, 2014). Simultaneously, not-for-profit product development partnerships such as the TB Alliance endeavour to develop new TB drug regimens (Horsburgh et al., 2013, Lienhardt et al., 2012a, Lienhardt et al., 2012b, Clinton Health Access Initiative et al., 2010). School vaccination of the indigenous UK population was halted in 2005 following a decline in the incidence of TB and the Bacillus Calmette-Guà ©rin immunisation (BCG) is now targeted at neonates within high risk groups (Depar tment of Health, 2006). These UK endeavours contribute towards the WHO target to eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 (World Health Organization, 2006). References ABUBAKAR, I., LIPMAN, M., ANDERSON, C., DAVIES, P. ZUMLA, A. 2011. Tuberculosis in the UKtime to regain control. BMJ, 343, d4281. ANDERSON, L. F., TAMNE, S., BROWN, T., WATSON, J. P., MULLARKEY, C., ZENNER, D. ABUBAKAR, I. 2014. Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the UK: a cross-sectional molecular and epidemiological study of clustering and contact tracing. Lancet Infect Dis., 14, 406-15. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70022-2. Epub 2014 Mar 4. BORRELL, S. GAGNEUX, S. 2009. Infectiousness, reproductive fitness and evolution of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 13, 1456-66. CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION 2013. Trends in Tuberculosis United States, 2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62, 201-2. CLINTON HEALTH ACCESS INITIATIVE, BILL MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION, GLOBAL ALLIANCE F OR TB DRUG DEVELOPMENT, GLOBAL DRUG FACILITY, INTERNATIONAL UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE, MANAGEMENT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH TREATMENT ACTION GROUP 2010. Falling Short. Ensuring Access to Simple, Safe and Effective First-Line Medicines for Tuberculosis. New York: Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH TB ACTION PLAN TEAM. 2007. Tuberculosis prevention and treatment: a toolkit for planning, commissioning and delivering high-quality services in England [Online]. London: Department of Health. Available: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http:[email  protected]/* */[email  protected]/* *//documents/digitalasset/dh_075638.pdf [Accessed 19/12/2014]. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 2006. Chapter 32 Tuberculosis. In: SALISBURY, D., RAMSAY, M. NOAKES, K. (eds.) Immunisation against infectious disease The Green Book. 3rd ed. London: The Stationery Office. EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL (ECDC)/WHO REGI ONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE. 2013. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2013 [Online]. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/_layouts/forms/Publication_DispForm.aspx?List=4f55ad51-4aed-4d32-b960-af70113dbb90ID=811 [Accessed 19/12/2014]. GILL, G. V. BEECHING, N. J. 2004. Chapter 12 Tuberculosis. Tropical Medicine. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science. GOLUB, J. E., MOHAN, C. I., COMSTOCK, G. W. CHAISSON, R. E. 2005. Active case finding of tuberculosis: historical perspective and future prospects. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis., 9, 1183-203. HOME OFFICE UK BORDER AGENCY 2012. Screening for Tuberculosis and the Immigration Control. UK Border Agency Review of Current Screening Activity 2011 (Central Policy Unit). London: Home Office. HORSBURGH, C. 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The Journal of infectious diseases, 205 Suppl 2, S241-9. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE. 2011. Clinical guidance and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control. CG117 [Online]. Available: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg117 [Accessed 19/12/2014]. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE. 2012. Identifying and managing tuberculosis among hard-to-reach groups. PH37 [Online]. Available: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg117 [Accessed 19/12/2014]. PAREEK, M., ABUBAKAR, I., WHITE, P. J., GARNETT, G. P. LALVANI, A. 2011a. Tuberculosis screening of migrants to low-burden nations: insights from evaluation of UK practice. Eur Respir J., 37, 1175-82. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00105810. Epub 2010 Nov 11. PAREEK, M., WATSON, J. P., ORMEROD, L. P., KON, O. M., WOLTMANN, G., WHITE, P. J., ABUBAKAR, I. LALVANI, A. 2011b. Screening of immigrants in the UK for imported latent tuberculosis: a multicentre cohort study and cost-effectiveness analysis. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 11, 435-44. PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND 2013a. Tuberculosis in the UK: 2013 report. London. PUBLIC HEALTH ENG LAND. 2013b. UK pre-entry tuberculosis screening brief report 2013 [Online]. London: Public Health England. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tuberculosis-pre-entry-screening-in-the-uk [Accessed 19/12/2014]. PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND. 2014a. Collaborative Tuberculosis Strategy for England 2014 to 2019: For consultation [Online]. London. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/collaborative-tuberculosis-strategy-for-england-2014-to-2019 [Accessed 19/12/2014]. PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND. 2014b. Guidance: Tuberculosis screening. Tuberculosis (TB) screening and early detection methods, for professionals working with at-risk populations in the UK. [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/tuberculosis-screening#pre-entry-tb-screening-for-migrants [Accessed 18/12/2014]. PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND 2014c. Tuberculosis in the UK: 2014 report. London. STOP TB PARTNERSHIP 2014. The Stop TB Partnership. Leading the fight against TB. Geneva: Stop TB Partnership. STORY, A., COCKSEDGE, M., ANDERTON, A., EDGINTON, M., O’DONOGHUE, M., KON, O. M., TAMNE, S., MAW, J. POLLINGER, E. 2012. Tuberculosis case management and cohort review guidance for health professionals [Online]. London: Royal College of Nursing. Available: https://www.rcn.org.uk/%5F%5Fdata/assets/pdf%5Ffile/0010/439129/004204.pdf [Accessed 19/12/2014]. TB ALERT. 2014. Our Work in the UK [Online]. Brighton. Available: https://www.tbalert.org/what-we-do/uk/ [Accessed 19/12/2014]. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST. 2014. Find and Treat Service [Online]. Available: https://www.uclh.nhs.uk/OurServices/ServiceA-Z/HTD/Pages/MXU.aspx [Accessed 19/12/2014]. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. 2006. The Stop TB Strategy [Online]. World Health Organization. Available: https://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_STB_2006.368_eng.pdf [Accessed 19/12/2014]. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. 2014a. Global tuberculosis report 2014 [Online]. Geneva: World Health Orga nization. Available: https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/ [Accessed 19/12/2014]. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. 2014b. Tuberculosis Fact Sheet No. 104 [Online]. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/ [Accessed 19/12/2014]. ZENNER, D., SOUTHERN, J., VAN HEST, R., DEVRIES, G., STAGG, H. R., ANTOINE, D. ABUBAKAR, I. 2013. Active case finding for tuberculosis among high-risk groups in low-incidence countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis., 17, 573-82. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0920.

William Shakespeare s King Lear Essay - 2262 Words

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(5.3.317-320)† King Lear is frequently regarded as one of Shakespeare’s masterpieces, and its tragic scope touches almost all facets of the human condition: from the familial tensions between parents and children to the immoral desires of power, from the follies of pride to the false projections of glory. However, one theme rings true throughout the play, and that very theme is boundless suffering, accentuated by the gruesome

Different Forms of Love in Romeo and Juliet - 1447 Words

In the early stages of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare conveys love in many different ways. Love is shown as being imperfect, such as bawdy love, unrequited love and fatherly and maternal love, this contrasts greatly to Romeo and Juliet’s pure, perfect and requited love, and makes it seem all the more true before it is shown to be deadly. At the very beginning of act1 scene 1, bawdy love is shown by two lower class characters, Sampson and Gregory, who don’t think of women as equal but think of love in a purely sexual way, this is shown when they say â€Å"therefore women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall.† This shows that they feel that because they are stronger than women, they have more power over them and so the woman can†¦show more content†¦This shows how something imperfect, like bawdiness, can nevertheless be mixed with a more pure type of love such as the maternal love, shown by the nurse. At the outset, when Capulet is talking about marriage proposals to Paris, he shows his fatherly love and concern for his daughter and her happiness. He doesn’t want to marry her off too early, or force her to marry someone that she doesn’t like. He conveys this by saying, â€Å"Earth hath swallowed all my hoped but she†¦ woo her gentle Paris, and her consent is but a part.† This shows that Capulet cares about Juliet because she is the only hope that he has left. He tells Paris to â€Å"woo her gently† and not to push, or pressurise Juliet into marrying him, this shows his concern about her. In addition to that, Capulet tells Paris that Juliet’s â€Å"consent is but a part† which shows his consideration and trust in Juliet, that she is allowed to have her say in the marriage and that he trusts her to choose the right husband. He also doesn’t want her to marry at such a young age; this is made clear when he says â€Å"let two more summers wither in their pride Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride.† By saying this, it is clear how much Capulet cherishes Juliet. He is risking a rich suitor, to let Juliet become more mature before she marries. By speaking in prose Shakespeare shows Capulet’s class and authority, nevertheless, it also shows the sincerity of his love for Juliet. However the nurse also shows the love of a parent, sheShow MoreRelatedTo Explore and Examine the Different Forms of Love Within Romeo and Juliet1908 Words   |  8 PagesRomeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare as a play for the theatre. William Shakespeare took his idea from an Italian folk story and is heavily influenced by sonnets which where developed by Francesco Petrarch an Italian poet. Shakespeare took most of his inspiration for Petrarch for demonstrating love with in the poem. William Shakespeare wrote most his plays with three main themes. These themes are gang warfare, Young love and a moral in the tale. William Shakespeare is now widelyRead MoreHow Does Shakespeare Portray Love in Romeo and Juliet?1638 Words   |  7 PagesIn Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare portrays different aspects and types of love in many ways. The obvious love is the fateful love between Romeo and Juliet although the play also displays platonic love, maternal love and aspects of adolescent love. The first kind of love shown in the play is teenage love through Romeo. Montague tells us that Many a morning hath he (Romeo) been seen... adding to the clouds more clouds with his deep sighs. Romeo is often seen sighing showing that he is either depressedRead MoreDifferent Ideas of Love in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare1562 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent Ideas of Love in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Love has existed in many forms throughout time. There is no better example of this then in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. In this tale when love is most apparent, the most crucial events occur to develop tragedy. The evident forms of love are Familial love, Fraternal love and Romantic love. Shakespeare portrays the love of Romeo and Juliet as 2 halves which when joined makeRead MoreHow Is Love Presented in Romeo and Juliet and Two Poems from the Shakespeare Literary Heritage1213 Words   |  5 PagesHow is Love presented in Romeo and Juliet and two poems from the Shakespeare Literary Heritage Love is presented in a variety of different ways in Romeo and Juliet and my chosen poems from the Literary Heritage: Stop All the Clocks and Sonnet 130. For instance, in Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare is attempting to challenge the tradition of courtly love that was prominent in the Elizabethan era. He is suggesting that the tradition of courtly love is artificial and essentially false. CourtlyRead MoreThe Different Types of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe Different Types of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare has written many plays, especially a lot of tragedies. The most famous of all Shakespeares plays is Romeo and Juliet, enjoyed by different generations down the years. The majority of the play takes place in the attractive small city of Verona, in the north of Italy. The play has been adapted in books, ballet and films. Romeo and Juliet is a play about a young man and a young womanRead MoreRomeo and Juliet, Tragedy or Romance791 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet, Tragedy or Romance? What determines what a true love story is? Many events in Romeo and Juliet make the audience question whether or not they are truly in love or are just blinded by a false or not true version of a not so deep feeling. Romeo and Juliet is a famous love story but it stands out compared to other love stories. Romeo and Juliet continue to be a true love story to this day. They are married at a young age and differentiate from other love stories, it’s still consideredRead MoreThe Dramatic Significance of Act 1 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet1328 Words   |  6 PagesAct 1 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet This scene is very important to the whole play of Romeo and Juliet. Mainly because its where Romeo and Juliet first meet and fall in love, we also see tybalts anger which shows us the obstacles that will become a problem in Romeo and Juliets relationship. In a usual Shakespeare tragedy the main character that is noble of birth has a flow, which brings about their downfalls and death of others. Romeo and Juliet kind of fits inRead MoreDeath and Responsibility in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1075 Words   |  5 PagesResponsibility in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Death is an elusive concept that binds and connects a series of themes and issues that occur in Romeo and Juliet. To discuss whether Romeo and Juliet are responsible for their deaths, one must analyse various causes of this tragedy. This essay will explore the following reasons: family feuds, love, passion, and fate. First, it is important to understand the characters. Romeo we know is the only son and the mainRead More Comparing Different Types of Love in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1520 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Different Types of Love in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet The three different examples of love between Romeo and Juliet, Romeo and Rosaline and Paris and Juliet do share some similar aspects, but they also have their own differences. These three different types of love show us the variations of love and how it can mask itself into different forms. Romeos love for Rosaline. He was portrayed as a Petrarchan lover and his love was simply an infatuationRead MoreThe Representation of Love and Marriage in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet793 Words   |  4 PagesRepresentation of Love and Marriage in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet In this essay I am going to examine love and marriage and the way it is presented in the play Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare is one of the most famous writers in British history. During Shakespeares time, attitudes to love and marriage were very different to the ways we are used to today. Love is presented as an intense and overwhelming force in the story and different forms of love are presented

Finnce And Capital Budgeting Techniques †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Finnce And Capital Budgeting Techniques. Answer: Capital budgeting techniques Capital budgeting is considered to be a process of planning that usually used to establish whether an organization's long-term investments like replacements of equipment, new machinery, new products, new plants and research improvement projects are worth support of cash via the company capitalization plan (Andor, Mohanty, and Toth, 2015). Capital budgeting is primarily one of the areas that have basically attracted a lot of academic attention in the last decades, and a lot of descriptive literature has emerged in as a management accounting technique. Capital budgeting decision is of strategic significance not only for the development of the company but also for the overall growth of the overall economy because such diverse decisions basically involve the company committing limited productive resources to its systems of production as they renew or strengthen their resources. Therefore, the aspect of capital budgeting involves how diverse resources must be allocated to the organization so as to maximize the stakeholder's wealth (Burns, and Walker, 2015). It involves a commitment of large amounts of funds in a provided project, or investment and such decisions are often complex to reverse without disturbing the firm financially and economically. In this case, capital budgeting practice is considered to be one of the important inputs of investment decision-making process of working on diverse projects or investments. According to Chittenden, and Derregia (2015), capital budgeting practice is employed so as to make diverse decisions in investments in long-term assets such as plants, properties, equipment, designs, and trademarks. Capital budgeting techniques are stipulated decisions rues that guides the managers on how to make investments or projects decisions since they are usually measures of the investments or projects economic and desirability feasibility. Various capital budgeting techniques have been gradually developed over time. Because the future is basically full of uncertainties, managers should scan the environment in which they operate in. Diverse factors often affect the forecasted cash flows, and they include; inflation, risks, uncertainties and the discount rate. The most generally recognized and used techniques are basically grouped into two major classifications. Conventional techniques Discounted cash flow techniques Conventional techniques are considered to be those techniques that do not consider the time worth of cash flows and they include the Accounting Rate of Return and the Pay Back Period. On the other hand, the discounted cash flow techniques are considered to be those techniques that basically consider the time worth of the cash flows and they encompass the Probability Index, Net Present Value and the Internal Rate of Return. However, the Pay Back Period has been modified at least to consider the time worth of money but, still it has the problem of not recognizing the cash flows after the Pay Back Period (Brunzell, Liljeblom, and Vaihekoski, 2013). Discounted cash flow techniques basically do not offer the methodology for measuring the value or worth of real options since the value derives from the aspect that diverse managers have the right to make on going favourable decisions that concerns the investment and subsequent operations of the investment or the project. Capital budgeting ba sically comprises of diverse techniques utilized by company executives such as; Pay Back Period Technique Pay Back Period basically measures the time length that it takes a firm to recover the cash in original venture. This notion can also be elucidated as the basic length that a project or investment takes in order to produce cash equals to the project and pay the organization back (Ghahremani, Aghaie, and Abedzadeh, 2016). Pay Back Period is usually evaluated by dividing the resources investment by the net yearly cash flows. In this case, the petite the Pay Back Period, the faster the organization recuperates its cash investments. Net Present Value (NPV) Net Present Value is considered to be the worth of the present amount of cash in contrast to some future worth that will contain when the amount is capitalized at a compound interest. It is basically a measurement of revenues calculated by subtracting the current value of the fund flows that included the initial costs from the present values of the cash flows over period of time (Gitman, and Maxwell, 2011). This particular technique is usually used to determine the present worth of a project by the discounted amounts of cash flows that is received from the investment or the project. This particular technique is vital for managers because it basically considered the time worth of money and favours the ultimate aim of organization of maximizing the shareholders wealth and increasing the company share price. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Internal Rate of Return is a technique that basically uses the present worth of fund flow concepts. This technique basically defines the interest yield of the projected capital investment at which the NPV equals to zero which is where the present worth of the net fund flows equals the venture (Rossi, 2015). In this particular case, if the IRR is considered to be greater than the company required rate of return, then the project may be accepted and rejected if its IRR is not more than the essential rate of return because it is unprofitable. Managers often employ this particular technique in order to determine the project effectiveness. Probability Index (PI) Probability Index technique is the ratio of the present worth of the future money flows of a project to its original project that is required for investment. This technique measures the present value of the returns that is derived from each of the invested amount that will basically demonstrate the relationship that exist between benefits and the cost of the project (Schlegel, Frank, and Britzelmaier, 2013). Probability Index technique is usually useful to the company managers because it will assist them determine the ratio of the future cash flows of the projects anticipated to be invested. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis is one of the technique developed to address the capital budgeting decisions problems. Sensitivity Analysis helps in measuring the sensitivity of a decision to the changes in the variables of one or more parameters. It examines the changes in the projects Net Present Value for a provided variation in one of the variables. Sensitivity Analysis also shows how profound the projects IRR or NPV are to the changes in a particular variable (Bierman and Smidt, 2012). The technique basically investigate the aspect that can happen to the Net Present Value only when one variable is changed as it assists managers identify the margin of safety for each factor identified. In the Sensitivity Analysis other factors that affect are kept constant and the one that varied at a period to see how that factor affects the projected cash flows. Therefore, Sensitivity Analysis is basically referred to as the technique that is utilized to define how diverse values of an independent variable might influence a particular dependent variable in a given set of estimates. It is usually used in specific limits that will rely on more or one input variables like the impact that varies in rates of interest will contain on a price of a bond. The sensitivity is mainly concerned with what if questions such as what if the market share decrease or increase by a certain percentage, what will be the anticipated cash flows (Peel, and Bridge, 2008). Even though this particular technique can basically identify the factors that are considered to be more risky as far as the investment is concerned, the technique does not basically offer a basis of accepting or rejecting the investment or the project. This is because it only shows that a certain factor is more risky than the other and thus one can still do the evaluation techniques in order to choo se the project. Sensitivity Analysis has been proved to be static because it only analyses one factor at a time and this make the managers to depend mostly on their personal judgements (Ghahremani et al. 2016). Even though this particular technique is good but it may need the managers to have more knowledge and skills on how to conduct break even analysis and correlation that may make it hard to be utilized in small businesses especially in the developing states. This therefore may make Sensitivity Analysis less applicable in the developing nations. Steps used in the use of Sensitivity Analysis Identification of all the variables that have effects of the projects Internal Rate of Return or the Net Present Value. Definition of the important correlations in the resultant variables Analysis of the influence of the changes in each of the variables in the Internal Rate of Return or the Net Present Value of the projects (Levin, and Hallgren, 2017). Generally, sensitivity analysis facilitates the organization to approximate what will occur to the investment if the assumptions or the estimates turns out to be unpredictable in case the project do not generate the anticipated results. This technique is of great significance to the company managers because they will contain a clear view point of a particular project before embarking on the investment. Scenario Analysis Scenario Analysis is a techniques that basically evaluates the expected value of the proposed business investment activity. This particular technique is considered to be a strategic practice of exploring diverse decisions by comparing alternative probable results since it is not a predictive tool but an analytic technique to accomplish uncurtaining today (Hasan, 2013). The statistical mean is that the highest probability event expected in a particular situation. Scenario Analysis offers a means to assess the probable inconsistency in a capital budgeting projects Net Present Value. Scenario Analysis calculates numerous Net Present Value for the projects basing on diverse scenarios. Unlike the sensitivity analysis that basically analyses only one factor, the Scenario Analysis analyses all the factors at the same time and find out how the factors affects the expected Net Present Value (Baker, and English, 2011). Scenario Analysis is basically intended to see the magnitudes of an event under different set of elements. For instance, it demonstrate how the Net Present Value of an investment would differ under low and high inflation. In this case, scenarios must be practical enough so as to offer a precise picture of the results because a noble scenario for a manager or a stakeholder must not contain captivating the lottery because even though the prospect is viable, but is neither realistic nor feasible for analyzing the possible outcomes. Scenarios analysis uses three different scenario namely; worst case, best case and base case. The base case is considered to be the probable scenario if all things proceeds typically and this is what the anticipated results will be. The best and worst cases are apparently scenarios that contains more or less favourable settings but they are still restrained by a sense of viability (Hise, and Strawser, 2013). For instance, a cost manager who creates the worst case scenario will not be better served to have it included a disaster that destroys the firm because in a bad situation, it is not convincing enough to be useful. Generally, the aim of the scenario analysis is not only to ascertain the exact situations of each situation, but also it just necessities to estimate them so as to offer a possible notion of what may occur. Scenario analysis majorly focuses on approximating the value of the portfolio that could reduce to if an unfavourable condition of the worst case is basically experienced. The first step in using Scenario Analysis is to determine the NPV or the IRR and then identify all the possible errors of the cash flows and investigate the major effects of their assumptions (Rossi, 2014). This particular technique is offers a means to assess the probable unevenness in a capital budgeting investments NPV for the managers in an organization (Ghahremani et al. 2016). By conduction this particular analysis, managers or investors can produce or generate a risk profile for the predicted projects and then build a basis for comparing probable investment that can facilitate the company productions. Monte Carlo Simulation Analysis Simulation Analysis is considered to be a budgeting technique that basically uses statistical data to figure out the average outcome of a scenario basing on complex and multiple factors. The statistical distribution is approximated for each of the input such as market risks or inflation rates. Simulation Analysis is also considered to be a powerful spread sheet technique that permits diverse executives to better visualize and understand uncertainty and risks in discounted cash flows analysis (Gitman, and Maxwell, 2011). The main output, a histogram of the Net Present Value basically draws the complete distribution of probable results as a bell formed curve and thus estimating the prospect of success of a project. (For example, Net Present Value = Zero). Even though this techniques uses fictional names, managers usually illustrate real capital budgeting problems to demonstrate how using this particular technique can result in a more informed making of decisions. Financetheory basically demonstrates that projected cash flows must be discounted at the opportunity required rate of return using a rule of decision to either reject or accept all negative or positive NPV projects. A central issue for organization managers is how to deal with the aspect of doubt that is the statistic that projected cash flows are only a point approximate of a big amount of probable insights (Chittenden, and Derregia, 2015). Simulation Analysis assist manager of an organization determine the most viable projects because the technique often combines the scenario and sensitivity analysis in analyzing risks in investments cash flows by identifying the main factors that influence the profits and interrelationships. Basically, the cash flows are embedded to demonstrate the main factors that influences both the cash payments and receipts and their interrelationship (Chittenden, and Derregia, 2015). Even though the approach theoretically appear to be good, but in practice the technique may be expensive and complex to be used especially for small and medium enterprises and also in the most developing nations because in needs the use of computer software. Simulation Analysis basically comprises of the following steps; Identify the exogenous variables that influence the cash outflows and inflows of the investment and its IRR or NPV like demand, selling price, market size and the variable costs. Understands the relationship between the NPV and the variables such as revenues relies on sales volume and sales price, sales value depends on the market size and market share (Gitman, and Maxwell, 2011). Specify the probability distribution for each of the exogenous variable Then develop a computer program that randomly chooses one value from the possibility distribution of each of the variable and then use this value in order to calculate the NPV or the IRR of the investment or the project. Break Even Analysis Break Even Analysis is a capital budgeting tool that is utilized to define the opinion at which profit gained equals the value that are associated with gaining the income. It is also a common and most popular technique for analyzing the relationship between profitability and sales volume since a break even aspect often occurs where the total profits equal the total costs, and therefore the revenues are zero (Burns, and Walker, 2015). This technique usually computes what is referred to as the margin of safety where it is the quantity at which the profit surpasses the breakeven point. In this case, Break Even quantity is the amount that profits fall while still remaining above the breakeven point. This particular analysis is important for managers of an organization because it is considered to be a useful tool that facilitates the study of the relationship between variable costs, fixed costs, and returns. Variable costs often vary in direct relationship to output volume while fixed costs are not directly related to the production level. Breakeven points basically defines when a project will produce a positive yield and can be assessed realistically or with modest arithmetics that basically calculates the production volume at a provided price essential to cover all the prices (Cooper, Cornick, and Redmon, 2011). Under the Break Even Analysis, managers of organizations can make an assessment in regarding the probability of not achieving the Break Even sales level. For viable organizations, the lower the Break Even, the safer the projected investment and vice versa. The Break Even Analysis basically works like sensitivity analysis in capital budgeting because the technique emphasizes costs, sales and the price and how they influence on the company profits and revenues. In this case, Break Even Analysis is important for managers when performing capital budgeting because it often facilitates the managers to have a clear point of view of the investment planned to be undertaken that has a shorter break-even period (Rossi, 2015). This technique is also useful to managers during capital budgeting because it demonstrates the amount or the value of the break-even sales in both quantity and value. Bibliography Andor, G., Mohanty, S.K. and Toth, T., 2015. Capital budgeting practices: A survey of Central and Eastern European firms.Emerging Markets Review,23, pp.148-172. Baker, H.K. and English, P., 2011.Capital budgeting valuation: Financial analysis for today's investment projects(Vol. 13). John Wiley Sons. Bierman Jr, H. and Smidt, S., 2012.The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge. Burns, R. and Walker, J., 2015. Capital budgeting surveys: the future is now. Brunzell, T., Liljeblom, E. and Vaihekoski, M., 2013. Determinants of capital budgeting methods and hurdle rates in Nordic firms.Accounting Finance,53(1), pp.85-110. Cooper, W.D., Cornick, M.F. and Redmon, A., 2011. Capital budgeting: A 1990 study of Fortune 500 company practices.Journal of Applied Business Research,8(3), pp.20-23. Chittenden, F. and Derregia, M., 2015. Uncertainty, irreversibility and the use of rules of thumbin capital budgeting.The British Accounting Review,47(3), pp.225-236. Ghahremani, M., Aghaie, A. and Abedzadeh, M., 2012. Capital budgeting technique selection through four decades: with a great focus on real option.International Journal of Business and Management,7(17), p.98. Gitman, L.J. and Maxwell, C.E., 2011. A Longitudinal comparison of capital budgeting techniques used by major US firms: 1986 versus 1976.Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR),3(3), pp.41-50. Hasan, M., 2013. Capital budgeting techniques used by small manufacturing companies.Journal of Service Science and Management,6(01), p.38. Hise, R.T. and Strawser, R.H., 2013. Application of Capital Budgeting Techniques to Marketing Operations.Readings in Managerial Economics: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies, p.419. Levin, V. and Hallgren, A., 2017. The choice of capital budgeting techniques: a human capital approach. Peel, M.J. and Bridge, J., 2008. How planning and capital budgeting improve SME performance.Long Range Planning,31(6), pp.848-856. Rossi, M., 2015. The use of capital budgeting techniques: an outlook from Italy.International Journal of Management Practice,8(1), pp.43-56. Rossi, M., 2014. Capital budgeting in Europe: confronting theory with practice.International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting,6(4), pp.341-356. Schlegel, D., Frank, F. and Britzelmaier, B., 2016. Investment decisions and capital budgeting practices in German manufacturing companies.International Journal of Business and Globalisation,16(1), pp.66-78.

Latin American National Culture vs. Political Domination

The Latin American culture has been forming in the course of several centuries. It was revealed through preservation of cultural traditions and vigorous fighting against natural and cultural suppression by different invasions and stiff political regiment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin American National Culture vs. Political Domination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today’s Latin America is now reaping the fruits of the previous events, beginning the Spanish conquistadors’ intrusion to twentieth century’s literature that exploded after political and economic â€Å"boom† in 60s. Despite a considerable span of time, the novels and books are still closely connected with describing eternal discrepancies between cultural stereotypes that has been carefully forged and political regimes established in that. Looking through the short stories, one tendency can be noticed: most of them are dedicated to cultural biases being so firmly established that they hampered the formation of stable political power deprived of tolerance and democracy (Echevarria, 3). Regarding the above-mentioned, successfully formed national culture hampered the establishment of enduring and stable systems of government due to inequality of human rights. The gaps in political government are primarily predetermined by the long history of forging the national culture. This can be explicitly viewed in Fray Bartolome de la Casas’s short story called The Plague of Ants. The narration reveals the invasion of Spanish conquistadors that decimated the Indians for conquering the Island (de la Casas 39). In this story, the write renders the ideas that only firmed cultural norms and faith triggered Spaniard to stop. More importantly, he proves that neither government nor human power is able to stop the destruction. While supplementing the religious notes to this narration, Bartolome de la Casas m akes an attempt at disclosing the role of faith the main underpinning of social relations where politics and government are the least significant: No Christian can doubt that, although God by his secret judgments might have permitted afflicting these peoples in this way and with such inhumanity, and in short, putting an end to them†¦those who were ministers of such harshness and caused the loss of so many souls, will be severely punished by divine justice (de la Casas 40). As depicted in the narration, the revival of the Catholic faith has been the necessity to reconcile people’s blind desire to possess power. Over the century, the faith and in religions play a significant role in improving social standards.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was the most efficient means for controlling the political power and establishing political justice (Hewitt 240). The same is presente d in Leopoldo Lugones’s short story Yzur. The story can considered allegoric because training the monkey with severe method can be compared with imposing political power and reforms a people whose national culture contradicts these principles. The author intends to say that instable and severe method of control and power can destroy human traditions and customs through establishment of despotism and terror. By suppressing the veritable ethical and cultural considerations, the outcome can be horrifying: â€Å"I woke up frightened. The monkey, which his eyes open; was definitely dying now, an his expression was so human, that it horrified me; but his hand, his eyes, drew me strongly towards him† (Lugones n. p.). The confrontation of culture and politics is explicitly revealed in Ewell’s narration entitled The Blond with the Revolver where the writer sheds light on the gap cultural stereotypes and political needs of social groups. The story reveals the heroine†™s fighting with the perpetuated conceptions of shame and honor. The author argues the necessity to declare gender equality and the women’s right to defend their honor and dignity (Ewell 206). As a proof of unjust attitude towards women, the writer depicts the way politics utilize established customs in favor of the patriarch system where women can hardly express their opinion and participate in political events. The impossibility to act independently due to constant suppression of women’s rights has hampered Lidia from self-realization and self-development. Taking advantage of the national culture and traditions, the political life in Latin America, particularly in Venezuela, has triggered the rise of vivid movements of women’s organizations fighting for political participation in country’s governing (Ewell 209). By giving exaggerating significance to class, age, and gender stereotypes made women be apart from political and social life of the country. This specifically concerns Maria Ferreira dos Santos, a political activist woman who had to overcome cultural biases to demonstrate her great potential and leadership skills. However, she managed to overcome those restrictions instead putting forward her veritable beliefs (Hewitt 245). Looking though the history of cultural and political formation of Latin American, one can pursue considerable discrepancies between national cultural and political frameworks. In particular, the shortcoming of established age, gender and social stereotyped were overused by the political power to control and suppress the population.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin American National Culture vs. Political Domination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this respect, it was really hard to meet the social and cultural needs of people and nation. However, religion and faith play a much greater role in altering the political views o n governing. Looking through the above presented narrations and short stories, it is possible to state that culture and religions, but not social and political belief, were the trigger in establishing control and power. In this regard, political control and power were based on human inequality, gender and age biases. Works Cited De la Casas, Fray Bartolome. The Plague of Ants. The Oxford Book of Latin American Short Stories. UK: Oxford University Press, 1997. Echevarria, Roberto Gonsalez. The Oxford Book of Latin American Short Stories. UK: Oxford University Press, 1997. Ewell, Judith. The Blond with the Revolver.The Human Tradition in modern Latin America. US: Rowman Littlefield, 1997. Hewitt, Warrren, Maria Ferreira dos Santos. The Human Tradition in modern Latin America. US: Rowman Littlefield, 1997. Lugones, Leopoldo. Yzur. Erbzine, 1869. Web. http://www.erbzine.com/mag18/yzur.htm This essay on Latin American National Culture vs. Political Domination was written and submitted by user Kayla Merritt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.