Latin American National Culture vs. Political Domination

The Latin American culture has been forming in the course of several centuries. It was revealed through preservation of cultural traditions and vigorous fighting against natural and cultural suppression by different invasions and stiff political regiment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin American National Culture vs. Political Domination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today’s Latin America is now reaping the fruits of the previous events, beginning the Spanish conquistadors’ intrusion to twentieth century’s literature that exploded after political and economic â€Å"boom† in 60s. Despite a considerable span of time, the novels and books are still closely connected with describing eternal discrepancies between cultural stereotypes that has been carefully forged and political regimes established in that. Looking through the short stories, one tendency can be noticed: most of them are dedicated to cultural biases being so firmly established that they hampered the formation of stable political power deprived of tolerance and democracy (Echevarria, 3). Regarding the above-mentioned, successfully formed national culture hampered the establishment of enduring and stable systems of government due to inequality of human rights. The gaps in political government are primarily predetermined by the long history of forging the national culture. This can be explicitly viewed in Fray Bartolome de la Casas’s short story called The Plague of Ants. The narration reveals the invasion of Spanish conquistadors that decimated the Indians for conquering the Island (de la Casas 39). In this story, the write renders the ideas that only firmed cultural norms and faith triggered Spaniard to stop. More importantly, he proves that neither government nor human power is able to stop the destruction. While supplementing the religious notes to this narration, Bartolome de la Casas m akes an attempt at disclosing the role of faith the main underpinning of social relations where politics and government are the least significant: No Christian can doubt that, although God by his secret judgments might have permitted afflicting these peoples in this way and with such inhumanity, and in short, putting an end to them†¦those who were ministers of such harshness and caused the loss of so many souls, will be severely punished by divine justice (de la Casas 40). As depicted in the narration, the revival of the Catholic faith has been the necessity to reconcile people’s blind desire to possess power. Over the century, the faith and in religions play a significant role in improving social standards.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was the most efficient means for controlling the political power and establishing political justice (Hewitt 240). The same is presente d in Leopoldo Lugones’s short story Yzur. The story can considered allegoric because training the monkey with severe method can be compared with imposing political power and reforms a people whose national culture contradicts these principles. The author intends to say that instable and severe method of control and power can destroy human traditions and customs through establishment of despotism and terror. By suppressing the veritable ethical and cultural considerations, the outcome can be horrifying: â€Å"I woke up frightened. The monkey, which his eyes open; was definitely dying now, an his expression was so human, that it horrified me; but his hand, his eyes, drew me strongly towards him† (Lugones n. p.). The confrontation of culture and politics is explicitly revealed in Ewell’s narration entitled The Blond with the Revolver where the writer sheds light on the gap cultural stereotypes and political needs of social groups. The story reveals the heroine†™s fighting with the perpetuated conceptions of shame and honor. The author argues the necessity to declare gender equality and the women’s right to defend their honor and dignity (Ewell 206). As a proof of unjust attitude towards women, the writer depicts the way politics utilize established customs in favor of the patriarch system where women can hardly express their opinion and participate in political events. The impossibility to act independently due to constant suppression of women’s rights has hampered Lidia from self-realization and self-development. Taking advantage of the national culture and traditions, the political life in Latin America, particularly in Venezuela, has triggered the rise of vivid movements of women’s organizations fighting for political participation in country’s governing (Ewell 209). By giving exaggerating significance to class, age, and gender stereotypes made women be apart from political and social life of the country. This specifically concerns Maria Ferreira dos Santos, a political activist woman who had to overcome cultural biases to demonstrate her great potential and leadership skills. However, she managed to overcome those restrictions instead putting forward her veritable beliefs (Hewitt 245). Looking though the history of cultural and political formation of Latin American, one can pursue considerable discrepancies between national cultural and political frameworks. In particular, the shortcoming of established age, gender and social stereotyped were overused by the political power to control and suppress the population.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin American National Culture vs. Political Domination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this respect, it was really hard to meet the social and cultural needs of people and nation. However, religion and faith play a much greater role in altering the political views o n governing. Looking through the above presented narrations and short stories, it is possible to state that culture and religions, but not social and political belief, were the trigger in establishing control and power. In this regard, political control and power were based on human inequality, gender and age biases. Works Cited De la Casas, Fray Bartolome. The Plague of Ants. The Oxford Book of Latin American Short Stories. UK: Oxford University Press, 1997. Echevarria, Roberto Gonsalez. The Oxford Book of Latin American Short Stories. UK: Oxford University Press, 1997. Ewell, Judith. The Blond with the Revolver.The Human Tradition in modern Latin America. US: Rowman Littlefield, 1997. Hewitt, Warrren, Maria Ferreira dos Santos. The Human Tradition in modern Latin America. US: Rowman Littlefield, 1997. Lugones, Leopoldo. Yzur. Erbzine, 1869. Web. http://www.erbzine.com/mag18/yzur.htm This essay on Latin American National Culture vs. Political Domination was written and submitted by user Kayla Merritt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Politics And Race In The Caribbean

What I learnt about the techniques of economic organization and development† The assignment allowed me to identify the role of the most effective strategy called Empire Building during the late 1500’s- 1900’s through the use of capitalism. I also obtain some knowledge of how hard it is in a political sense to work with different individuals that represent a single empire within itself. Capitalist Empire building was the technique based on the development of the Hispaniola economy. These developments included England, France and colonial America. The integration of several different countries of different resources became the way in expressing â€Å"one economy†. These countries achieved a great deal of economic development through conquest and slavery. The discovery of gold began the dominant economical role in the 14th century according to my research. The scarcity of gold enhanced interest in sugar mills plantation, which lead to the importation of African slaves. Even before the exploitation of slaves, the natives Indians were subjected to the same treatment. They worked under horrible conditions with minimal pay. The role of that government was to gain control through military and economic advancement. They created a society where laborers had no choice, but to produce the needs of the sovereignty. This meant fighting the countries wars and working till the death. Conquest in a capitalist society plays a big part. Global trade became the social economy outside the country. The triangular trade contributed to a development of â€Å"shipping and shipbuilding†. Ships were employed to different colonies providing them with different resources. Commerce doubled due to the capitalistic tactics of expanding their resources through the seas in order to get what they needed â€Å"Money†. The way this was constructed in an economical sense lead to the division of the industry. England-France and colonial America equally supp... Free Essays on Politics And Race In The Caribbean Free Essays on Politics And Race In The Caribbean What I learnt about the techniques of economic organization and development† The assignment allowed me to identify the role of the most effective strategy called Empire Building during the late 1500’s- 1900’s through the use of capitalism. I also obtain some knowledge of how hard it is in a political sense to work with different individuals that represent a single empire within itself. Capitalist Empire building was the technique based on the development of the Hispaniola economy. These developments included England, France and colonial America. The integration of several different countries of different resources became the way in expressing â€Å"one economy†. These countries achieved a great deal of economic development through conquest and slavery. The discovery of gold began the dominant economical role in the 14th century according to my research. The scarcity of gold enhanced interest in sugar mills plantation, which lead to the importation of African slaves. Even before the exploitation of slaves, the natives Indians were subjected to the same treatment. They worked under horrible conditions with minimal pay. The role of that government was to gain control through military and economic advancement. They created a society where laborers had no choice, but to produce the needs of the sovereignty. This meant fighting the countries wars and working till the death. Conquest in a capitalist society plays a big part. Global trade became the social economy outside the country. The triangular trade contributed to a development of â€Å"shipping and shipbuilding†. Ships were employed to different colonies providing them with different resources. Commerce doubled due to the capitalistic tactics of expanding their resources through the seas in order to get what they needed â€Å"Money†. The way this was constructed in an economical sense lead to the division of the industry. England-France and colonial America equally supp...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Business Functions

To start with, without any doubt, outsourcing has greatly modified the worldwide business arena. Not long before, outsourcing was just considered like a means for reducing several operational expenses. Nevertheless, since the present competition augmented and new companies also started entering the marketplace, wise companies are at present depending upon outsourcing for gaining a competitive benefit while further intensifying their worldwide spread. Outsourcing an outside corporation for handling tasks usually carried out in-house, is quite prevalent conception for many companies (Grossman and Helpman, 2002b). Procedures like payroll, logistics and bookkeeping are normally outsourced for cutting down costs and increasing effectiveness. Particularly, outsourcing the company’s functions has turned out to be highly popular over the past few years since a large number of companies have started realizing the advantages associated with this concept of outsourcing (Grossman and Help man, 2002b). Further, taking into consideration the above discussion this particular paper attempts to examine the concept of outsourcing along with several advantages and disadvantages associated with it by taking the case of Barclays Bank.   To start with, outsourcing  basically encompasses contracting a company’s process to some third-party supplier (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000). At present, the notion of "outsourcing" has become quite prevalent all around the world. Outsourcing could involve contracting out consumer support business or even IT support. The concept could even involve shifting assets along with employees from one corporation to another (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000).  In addition, outsourcing is also adopted for illustrating the process of transferring control of public provisions to some for-profit corporations (Grossman and Helpman, 2002b). Moreover, it takes in both domestic and overseas contracting  and at times includes off-shoring  or relocating an organization process to some another country as well. Gilley and Rasheed (2000) state that financial savings from lower abroad labour expenses is a major impetus for outsourcing or off-shoring. Outsourcing refers to the practice of one company co ntracting with some another company for offering facilities that might else be performed through in-house employees. Regularly the procedures that are outsourced can be performed through the company itself, nonetheless in a number of cases there are financial advantages that are an outcome of adopting outsourcing approach (Quelin and Duhamel, 2003). Further, as fraction of the continuously progressing trend, jobs like e-mail facilities, payroll and call centre  provisions are some among the highly widespread outsourced operations. These procedures are administered by separate companies that specialise in these facilities, are often located abroad and involve a low cost of labour (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000). According to Quelin and Duhamel, (2003), outsourcing can be defined as a mutual concept wherein two parties operate collectively, sharing the threats as well as incentives of a two-way association which lays emphasis on unremitting enhancement. Momme (2002) holds the view that outsourcing results in better performance due to the reason that it develops long-standing collaboration grounded upon faith among the individuals. Moreover, outsourcing means a far-reaching alteration in the manner individuals operate, taking in group work, mutual judgment making as well as collaborative acts. However, the more thorough these alterations are, the more complicated the job of executing them is expected to be. According to Gilley and Rasheed (2000), outsourcing points towards the modifications within the social structures of minimum two companies, along with the possibility for confrontation being substantial.   Initially, organizations which come to a decision to outsource do so, could be because of several reasons. One of the most important reasons is to attain cost savings or superior cost management throughout the outsourced function. Organizations generally outsource to a supplier who is an expert in a particular operation and could carry out that task more competently than the organization (Momme, 2002). The recent researches bring to light the fact that on an average, outsourcing organizations attain around 9% saving in costs and about 15% augment in volume and excellence. Moving ahead, other common basis for outsourcing is to attain headcount declines or reduce the variations in recruitment which might take place due to the alterations in demand for a good or facility. Also, organizations outsource with the intention to trim down the workload on their staff members or to put forward additional development prospects for their staff members by releasing them from monotonous tasks (Momm e, 2002). A large number of organizations go for outsourcing with the purpose to get rid of interruptions and compel themselves to lay high emphasis on their chief proficiencies. Some companies outsource in order to attain higher monetary flexibility, as the vending of resources which previously assisted an outsourced operation could perk up an organization’s  cash flow (Quelin and Duhamel, 2003).  However, a likely drawback in this interpretation is the fact that several suppliers require long-term  agreements that might lessen down flexibility. Going further, a main ground for outsourcing computer programming as well as other  IT (information technology)  operations is to attain admittance to latest expertise and outside proficiency. Several experts assert that the organizations are exposed to latest expertise through suppliers in any case, so instead the companies can simply appoint individual having the proficiency they need or are searching (Blinder, 2006). However, this is not appropriate for  small scale organizations that normally could not meet the expense of appointing computer specialists or formulate the internal expertise in order to uphold high-level expertise. At the time when such operations are outsourced, the small level organizations attain admittance to latest techniques which might aid them in competing with larger organizations. Apart from all this, politics is also considered to be a common reason for partnership sourcing. For instance, several organizations might initiate the outsourcing plan subsequent to witnessing the successful attempts of a rival. Some may be directed towards outsourcing by supervisors looking for individual gain or by a wish to get rid of bothersome divisions. Lastly, outsourcing puts forward an appealing option for start-up organizations while they develop. In such situations, outsourcing could release the industrialists from tiresome and time-taking operations, like payroll, in order to make sure that he or she could focus on the  marketing  as well as sales functions which would make possible for the company to generate money (Blinder, 2006). Besides, several advantages associated with partnership sourcing there also exists a number of possible shortcomings such as inefficient  quality management,  reduced organization trustworthiness, an extensive bid procedure and a loss of planned arrangement (Wartzman, 2010). There might also be inbuilt disadvantages for upholding definite operations internally. For instance, organization staff members might hold a superior comprehension of the market and their vested preferences might imply that they are more expected to create judgments taking into account the organization’s objectives. However, it is very important for the companies to make sure that they never outsource any operation which straightforwardly influences superiority or service.   Moving ahead, both sides must be cautious while stepping into an outsourcing agreement. Every associate must be certain that the other party is dedicated to the contract to the similar degree that they are. In case if not, the a ssociation could happen to be source consuming and would turn into just other burden on finances already going through pressure. Further, other issue related to the outsourcing might take place at the time when both sides attempts to make others to become accustomed with their manner of operating (Blinder, 2006). The customer and vendor might hold views as to how they wish to carry out their operation and in case if the other party does not agrees to these, at that time both might struggle to have the same opinion on conditions.   Advantages of outsourcing to Barclaycard include: The disadvantages of outsourcing for Barclaycard include: Thus, it is highly recommended to consider the interests of staff members and customers and then only make an informed decision.   As soon as an organization has arrived at the decision to go for outsourcing, there still exist several facets that need to be taken into consideration while developing an efficient transition and in developing a partner association along with the supplier (Wartzman, 2010). There is a sequence of steps that need to be followed by the companies. Firstly, the organization should decide what kind of outsourcing link would best satisfy its requirements. A few companies share premeditated  decision making among their suppliers, whereas others outsource just on a restricted and as-required basis. After that, the corporations require to obtain the assistance of chief recruits for the judgments associated with outsourcing. A number of firms come across disagreement from staff members who hold the view that their jobs face risk because of outsourcing. This is principally essential within companies wherein staff members are represented through  worker unions.  Moreover, during the mid-1990s, the problem of outsourcing was chief in various strikes made by the United Auto employees in opposition to American automobile producers. According to Wartzman (2010), developing a  team  comprising of outsourcing professionals, individuals from higher  management  and employees as well as the supervisors of all influenced sections of the organization, can help to deal with worker issues related to the decision. In order to uphold the faithfulness and efficiency of remaining staff members, it might also be supportive in planning programs so as to aid employees which might be dislo cated because of outsourcing. After addressing people concerns, the corporation could start getting in touch with potential suppliers, either officially or unofficially and asking particular questions regarding the facilities offered and the conditions of the agreement (Kakabadse & Kakabadse, 2000). Moreover, the supplier need to hold experience in managing alike business and must be capable of giving the customer’s wants the precedence they should be given. Going further, the organization should choose a supplier it has faith in so as to formulate an equally advantageous partner association (Blinder, 2006). It is essential for the corporation to build up tangible measures for job performance prior to stepping into a contract in addition to financial incentives in order to motivate the supplier to stick to time line and manage costs (Blinder, 2006). Further, the agreement should evidently describe accountabilities and outcome criterion, summarize privacy regulations and possession rights to fresh thoughts or knowledge and take in methods of severing the affiliation if required. As the supplier is expected to hold additional experience in formulating outsourcing contracts as compared to a small customer organization, it might also be useful to discuss with a legal representative at the time of agreement negotiations.  Ã‚   To conclude, it can be clearly stated from the above discussion that outsourcing among several other kinds of association have turn out to be a well-liked as well as an effectual means of administering organization development and putting forward for the organizations a possibility to lay high focus on their chief proficiencies. The advantages associated with outsourcing take in cost savings, cost management, augments volume, trims down the workload on their staff members, puts forward additional development prospects, helps the organizations to get rid of disruptions and enables them to focus on their chief proficiencies. Apart from a number of advantages related to partnership sourcing there also exist, various shortcomings including inefficient  quality management,  reduced organization trustworthiness, an extensive bid procedure and a loss of planned arrangement. Moving ahead, issues related to the outsourcing might also come to pass at the time when both customer and vendor attempts to make others to become accustomed with their manner of operating (Wartzman, 2010). Further, when firms decide to go for outsourcing, they must keep in mind several steps and factors so as to formulate efficient association. Blinder, A. (2006) Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution? Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 113.128 Gilley, K. M. and Rasheed, A. (2000) Making More by Doing Less: An Analysis of Outsourcing and its Effects on Firm Performance, Journal of Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 764 Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (2002b) Outsourcing in a Global Economy, Princeton University Kakabadse, N. and Kakabadse, A. (2000) Critical review – Outsourcing: a paradigm shift, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 19, No. 8, pp. 668-728 Momme, J. (2002) Framework for outsourcing manufacturing: strategic and operational implications [Online] https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8862/ce484baaad9d9b20c4982e1b7697346f20c7.pdf, Date Accessed: 23/04/2017 Quelin, B. and Duhamel, F. (2003) Bringing Together Strategic Outsourcing and Corporate Strategy: Outsourcing Motives and Risks [Online] https://studies2.hec.fr/jahia/webdav/site/hec/shared/sites/quelin/acces_anonyme/outsourcing/2003emj-QuelinDuhamel.pdf, Date Accessed: 23/04/2017 Wartzman, R. (2010) Insourcing and Outsourcing: The Right Mix,  Bloomberg Business. End your doubt 'should I pay someone to do my dissertation by availing dissertation writing services from Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Business Functions In contemporary business, outsourcing takes the lead. This is necessitated by the fact that many business affiliation endeavors to capitalize all aspects of the progress of science, procedures, and advances to deliver satisfactory results to the client. This effect is f great significant as it necessitates concentration to advantages of focus capacities and arranged headings of activities.(Anikin and Rudaya, 2009) This prompts central lessening of expenses on the formation of the last outcome because each part wears down making it perform better without any addition contributing for adjusting new development sorts. This review concentrates on extraordinary conditions and hindrances experienced in outsourcing within banks in Kazakhstani. The discussion starts with a composed work survey of outsourcing that includes speculations and sorts of outsourcing, its central focuses, and hindrances. It will therefor expose delayed consequences of this audit, system investigation, and examination. Outsourcing is included two words sourcing implies " an exhibition of work exchange and selection of individuals to fit in certain position of work." Business communities affiliated understand that there exist individuals and organization who can deliver and perform better, speeder, smatter and give quality results. (Power, Desouza and Bonifazi, 2006) .Ashley stated that outsourcing "the undertaking of risk and duty concerning playing out a most remote indicate or affiliation another substance" (Ashley, 2008). Practically, outsourcing can be delineated as the game plan of errand occupations pariah, who can redesign, more sensible and snappier. Perpetual supply of regulator over implementation of subcontracted most remote point; subcontracting can be bound both from inside and outside sorts. Inside subcontracting is "rearrangement of purposes of repression in commercial structure aimed at saving switch completed its implementation" and external subcontracting is "strategy of accomplis hment of restricted or generally linked abilities to outside subcontractors" (Anikin and Rudaya,2009) for example, partitions of joint exercises of outside outsourcing solidify emphases thought, energized exertion, joint changing, and created effort in investment, although dissections of joint exercises of inside outsourcing wire entire arrangement relationship, at this moment collaboration, and single affiliations. Subordinate upon profitable utilization of purposes of intrigue and restructuring of risk and duty outsourcing is constrained into secluded and full outsourcing sorts. Halfway or specific outsourcing is "the endeavor of particular purposes of constringent or business techniques to outsourcer, while set of frequently related cutoff focuses are completed by association itself, and full subcontracting suggests "the assignment of discrete ability to outsourcing association with commanding it with full responsibility concerning most extreme's accomplishment (Doyle and Tapper, 2001). Outsourcing incorporates distinctive exercises, and each ponders can be portrayed by two or three structures that are installed in different hypothetical frameworks. An unimaginable bit of the reviews for outsourcing influenced by three rationalities: Resources available, Competency Approach on core values, theory of transaction. The advantage in outsourcing view works from a suggestion that connection that needs gigantic, extraordinary, exceptional and managed assets and limits, may look for an outside supplier to whipping that insufficiency (Henry A. 2008). As indicated by Perunovi? and Pedersen, the most discernible utilization of the advantage for outsourcing philosophy method is the masterminding stage for depicting the fundamental organization system and in the merchant affirmation sort out for picking a fitting broker (Perunovi? and Pedersen,2007). Affiliations will relate crevices to assets and breaking points in the savviest way to deal with keep up a particular thing and it s high ground (Urquhart,2002). The substance of the center fitness hypothesis is that it ought to be within the confinements of the organization, however, that assorted exercises that the connection supervises, which are not checked to be center or fundamental to its capacity, ought to be well-thought-out for subcontracting (Prahalad and Hamel, 2003).As appeared by Henry "a center limit can be considered as a social occasion of properties that a connection has which in this way engages it to satisfy high ground" (Henry, 2008). If the association is to concentrate on its inside aptitudes as the present of its supportable high ground, then exercises which don't constitute center health where an outside firm can be selected with lower cost. Furthermore, exchange rate concept has been made to stimulate an examination of the nearby expenses for development, changing, and watching undertaking acknowledgment under option association structures (Kay, 2005).The measure analysis consequently cost hypothesis an exchange, through outpourings of Williamson "happens when a not all that terrible or association is transferred over an imaginatively restrict interface" [16]. Pioneers upscale the time and transfer costs related to executing an exchange inside their affiliations – for sourcing versus creation and sharing costs related to working trade the outsourcing market. Affiliations can pick whether to purchase at the stores choice depends on upon the buying cost set since the expenses of period and expenses of the exchange. The hugest purpose of enthusiasm of subcontracting is focusing on motivation works out, cost speculation stores, access in comprehension, improve execution, and flexibility. To begin with, various researchers agree in transit that by giving over noncore activities to a confined in untouchable, an association can concentrate on activities essential to its key offer and addition its forceful arranging (Fan, Ramachandran, Wu and Yue,.2006) Second, outsourcing, all things considered, is held toward one of the guideline targets as cost speculation reserves (Liao and Reategui,2002).The remarkable necessity arises when a particular resource, either human or apparatus resources, is not required full time, or the attempts to get the advantage can't be guarded. For instance, for a medium-gage business keeping particular fitness and support is required from time to time. Since the cost of enlisting and setting up a fashioner who is capable in PC sustenance is too high, it will be helpful for th e relationship to subcontract this attempt. Third, by outsourcing affiliations have the likelihood to contact to particularly qualified workforce, which might not be interested in the customer alliance and thoroughly abuse the providers' hypotheses, degrees of progress, and pro limits Fourth, a fundamental explanation for outsourcing accepted is achievement of an adjustment in completing the subcontractor affiliation may offer thus of benefits of operating to a grand scale. The inconceivable level can give an assortment of points of confinement and openings which will spare the best accessible expert, who won't have any desire to work in a less captivating customer condition. Also, with master groups, the level of effective involvement is relied on to be advanced, as a result of the more critical social event of staff on assignments when showed up distinctively in connection to inward operations.Fifth, adaptability is the key elucidation behind outsourcing for a couple of affiliatio ns. Outsourcers' understandings and the professions of their experts rely on upon the level of flexibility to commercial change conditions. A central weight to outsourcing is honest to goodness loss of mechanism over procedures, safety hazard, and enigma, quality issues, reallocation of costs in existing social events. Notwithstanding, burden related to the loss of control over the outsourced operations starts from the reason that administering outside resources requires extraordinary points of confinement which is a blend of the aptitudes of individuals and procedure affiliation, contract affiliation, and power approach. Second, in each useful sense, each outsourcing contract has terms of security and plan clarified, however, the execution and study are continually troublesome. In genuine cash related affiliations, necessities keep information known to hypothesis banks far from vendors, specialists, and collection of diverse individuals who intend to use the inside information despicably (Jiang, Klein, Tesch D and Chen,2003) Third, one motivation to outsource is the yearning of getting favored association from the outso urcer over from inside staff. The subcontractor must be selected in a certain model to manage affirmation that there is no frightful impact in transit of things and attempts passed on. Something else, affiliation may free its position open.Fourth, the affiliation will agree to a course of action with the subcontracting affiliation that will cover the straightforward segments of the association that they will give. Anything not shrouded in the understanding will be the clarification behind the relationship to pay an extra cost. For instance, an overseer may purposefully forbid costs to bolster one decision, for example, picking one provider versus another, selecting in-sourcing instead outsourcing, or staying in a particular commercial or not (Liao and Reategui, 2002) Fifth, the outsourcing is dependably related to the culmination in masters' brains. It is equivalently an issue for the affiliation's top association social occasion to pick how to change the present workforces. As spec ified by Bragg, affirming such a fundamental transformation and seeing it missed the mark can provoke end of no less than one of an association's organization staff. Criticalness of this investigation is in examining condition of subcontracting mechanisms for banks Kazakhstan. Notwithstanding the way for outsourcing ended up being to a significant degree pervasive subject among coherent works ever all over the world examination for outsourcing practices in Kazakhstan in dealing with a record industry of the Republic. Also, furthermore outsourcings transformed into a systematical consider for a heavy part of masters, it started to deal with various qualities affiliations can be unmistakable. Outsourcing being broad aligned and cleaned about any business hover, like this; it must be viewed as parts shown by specialists, who look at outsourcing wonders, are correlated. In this way, the objective of this examination is to recognize certified central focuses and shortcomings of outsourcing by focusing on points of interest grabbed, and risks stood up to particularly banks in Kazakhstan. Growing outsourcing information by keeping cash and not too bad contender for this survey, trial of this examination includes three banks working in banks. For performing honest to goodness look into it is imperative to pick change to analyze system that will give information gathered that is related to research Every close meeting with top head of associations was chosen as the method for rhythmic movement asks about. The principal favored angle of versus meeting, where one can modify the request as primary and assurance that the responses are genuinely grasped by repeating or reevaluating the application. Consequently, Respondents are guided by summary of meeting subjects in the main segments of this audit. There was no inclination issue from driving respondents to focus only things on the once-over in light of the way that the once-over during the meeting. Respondents were permitted to look at untouched. The meeting was driven in Russian lingo and meeting time was changing long ho urs. Patron suggests that eye to eye converse with it is perfect for examination in an impartial way. Worldwide HSBC Kazakhstan adequately works in broad framework wherever across the globe Kazakhstan illustrative of HSBC Group is incorporated to be little relationship with other neighborhood banks. Like this, its subcontracting mechanisms principally stream out from confined resources. Being a merger of two banks its obliged as of late surrounded bank to outsource get ready concentration Alem Card LLP, in light of the way that making and keeping up taking care of structure of its particular forces is uncommonly exorbitant to banks. Furthermore, Halyk Bank works with regulatory foundations, and a number of clients is extraordinarily higher. Along these lines, Halyk Bank is constrained to search for outsourcing outcast pro communities to guarantee constant change in execution to clients. As indicated by examinations of subcontracting magnitude and sorts, outsourcing rehearses in banks. Both organizations are encountering an outsourcing breaking point of "segment cards managing" which is genuinely a champion among the most costly cutoff points among the managing a record operations, and in this way, it requires entire arrangement (8-12 years) and unchanging association among bank and outsourcer. Both BTA Bank and Halyk Bank are outsourcing "most systems" and "all things considered fulfilled" which can be appeared by the detail of outsourced farthest point and with the way that part cards were dealing with can't be allotted not so much. Propel, examinations uncover that equally, BTA Bank and Halyk Bank are improving "inside outsourcing." The illumination behind this is the way that the level of control over execution of arranging concentrates especially impacts implementation of the bank in entirety. Additionally, the rate at which the HSBC regulates outsourcing is les s, and in this effect, the outsourcing is, therefore ‘’outside’’. The clarification behind this is traverse of outsourcing associations has at this very moment character (1-3 years) and only "a couple of support and dealing with a record frames outsourced." Additionally, the inspiration driving why HSBC Bank is using "deficient outsourcing" gives off an impression of being sound due to the traverse of outsourced limits. If when only "a couple of systems outsourced" and they needn't trouble with unusual condition of switch over execution, complete subcontracting with disengaging entire organization handle with reorganization of threats and commitments is unrealistic. Outsourcing twisted up observably a champion among the most generally utilized contemporary business rehearses. Regardless, it has both motivations behind interest and put-down. While attractiveness of labor in which affiliation works and centers that it sets deviations, subcontracting can comparatively modify and pass on purposes of intrigue or dangers to customer membership. From our examinations, clearly, practices for outsourcing are not comparable in all relationship, this particular advancement considered for real money related companies. Two or three outcomes can be taken from this work. On the off chance that an affiliation is practically nothing and has obliged assets, then it desires to subcontract. In any case, subcontracting rehearses can't accreditation such fundamental favored perspective as cost lessening seen in many banks Anikin BA, Rudaya IL. 2009, Outsourcing and outstaffing: high technologies of management. Moscow:Infra-M. Anikin BA, Rudaya IL. 2009, Outsourcing and outstaffing: high technologies of management. Moscow:Infra-M;. Ashley E. 2008,Outsourcing for dummies. New Jersey: Wiley Publishing;.   Doyle C, Tapper D. 2001.Evaluating the benefits of IT outsourcing. An IDC White Paper Fan LL, Ramachandran S, Wu YH, Yue ZN.2006, Outsourcing in business. Henry A. 2008, Understanding strategic management. Oxford University Press.   Henry A. 2008, Understanding strategic management.Oxford University Press. Jiang J J, Klein G, Tesch D, Chen HG. 2003,Closing the user and provider service quality gap. Communications of the ACM; 46; 72–76. Kay N. 2005, Coase, The nature of the firm and the principles of marginal analysis. University of Strathclyde. Liao KG, Reategui LA. 2002, Information technology outsourcing in emerging markets. Massachusetts institute of technology Liao KG, Reategui LA. 2002, Information technology outsourcing in emerging markets, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Perunovi? Z, Pedersen JL. 2007, Outsourcing process and theories. POMS 18th Annual Conference. Power MJ, Desouza KC, Bonifazi C. 2006. The outsourcing handbook: how to implement a successful outsourcing process. Kogan Page Limited. Prahalad CK, Hamel G. 2003, the core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review 3; 79-93.   Urquhart C. 2002, Applications of outsourcing theory to collaborative purchasing and licensing. Aberystwyth: University of Wales.   Urquhart C. 2002.   Applications of outsourcing theory to collaborative purchasing and licensing. Aberystwyth: University of Wales Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing Business Functions This research report has been conducted on the topic â€Å"Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions†. This research program will discuss the concept of outsourcing which is being used by businesses for enhancing their effectiveness and reducing the workload. Outsourcing is used by the businesses for enhancing their performance as well as focusing on the important activities or operations of the business. It will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing to the business. Different methods and techniques will be applied to the collection of data. These methods and techniques will be discussed in this research report. Objectives are set for identification of the goals which need to be adopted from the execution of the activity or series of activities. This research report has been conducted with a motive to collect data related to the various advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of outsourcing to the business. Knowledge will be developed of the concept of outsourcing and its importance for the business. Various articles, journals and internet sources will be used for developing knowledge regarding the research topic. The scope defines the boundaries of the research and aspects which will be covered in this research report. Outsourcing is widely used by the businesses for enhancing the performance of the business. This research report will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. Various research methods or techniques will be put to use for gathering information related to the research topic. An action plan will be prepared for conducting the research project as per the plans. Outsourcing is an important aspect of the dynamic business environment as there has been a rise in the use of this concept. Businesses are enrolling in outsourcing for ensuring that the operations of the business are performed in an effective manner. Outsourcing has contributed towards the attainment of the objectives of the business. The main objective behind the use of outsourcing is to manage the time by focusing on the crucial aspects of the business. Globalisation has promoted the concept of outsourcing. Previously outsourcing was used for cost cutting but with the change in the business environment, outsourcing has been used for enhancing the performance and focusing on the important activities of the business. For operating in an effective manner in the dynamic business environment, it is vital to adopt effective strategies. Different authors have presented different views for outsourcing which have been discussed in this research project (Sturgeon & Gereffi, 2011). The term outsourcing can be defined as the use of outside resources for the purpose of execution of the operations of the business by handling the operations to outside company or third agency. Businesses are using outsourcing for the purpose of enhancing the performance of the business, reducing the cost, time and efforts, enhancing the effectiveness of important functions of the business and increase the productivity of the business (Tayauova, 2012). There are few disadvantages associated with the use of outsourcing. These disadvantages of using outsourcing include an increase in the cost, lack of proper infrastructure facilities, lack of support on the part of the government, depletion in the quality of the products or services outsourced, the threat of leakage of the confidential information of the business and lack of control on the operations. Focus on the business while taking outsourcing decision is on quality of the services, confidentiality, and control on the operations ou tsourced. Companies are considering outsourcing for reducing the legal and financial obligations which are contributing to the cost of the business (Mirza, 2012). Different factors are responsible for determining the decision of outsourcing. Businesses are analyzing different aspects related to outsourcing for drawing a decision. Different functions or operations of the business are being outsourced by the businesses for enhancing the effectiveness and focusing on the important functions of the business. There has been a fast increase in the use of outsourcing. The concept of outsourcing includes appointing the third party for the purpose of performing or executing the operation of the business. Companies are using outsourcing for encouraging the chances of success and growth as well as gaining a competitive advantage over the others in the industry. Private and public organizations both are using outsourcing for enhancing their performance (Galetic, et. al., 2011). Research questions are formulated for forming a base for the data collection process. Research questions are mentioned below: Research methodologies cover different methods or techniques which are applied for the collection of data related to the research topic. This research project has discussed the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing to the business. Information has been collected for gaining knowledge of the aspects related to the research topic. These methods or techniques are mentioned below: Research method: It is vital to execute the research program in an effective manner and for this purpose there is a need to gather quality data which will enhance the quality of the research program. Qualitative research method will be used for collecting data for the research project. Qualitative research method will help in collecting quality data by collecting primary and secondary data (Crossman, 2017). Use of primary and secondary sources of data will contribute towards the attainment of the objectives of the research project. Research questions will be used for collecting primary as well as secondary sources of data. Qualitative research method will help in collecting information related to the behavior patterns, data related to needs of the users and human experience (Quick & Hall, 2015). Research approaches: Qualitative research approach will be applied for the collection of quality data related to the research program. A qualitative approach is an effective approach which will help in collecting quality data. The qualitative approach provides quality data which helps in enhancing the knowledge related to the reasons, opinions and different aspects related to the research topic (Crossman, 2017). Primary and secondary sources of data collection sum up qualitative approach which forms a base for the reliability and authenticity of the research project. The questionnaire will be prepared and distributed among the employees for collecting information. Different journals, articles and internet sources will be used for collecting secondary source of information (Thomas, 2015). Data collection: Data collection is an important aspect which ensures that the research is being executed in a proper manner. Quality data can be collected with the application of primary and secondary sources of data collection. This data will help in the completion of the research project in a successful manner. Primary data can be understood as the raw data which a researcher directly collects from the respondents for gaining understanding (Smith, 2015). Primary sources are used for collecting first-hand information. The questionnaire will be used for collecting raw form of data directly from the respondents.   Secondary data can be explained as the second-hand information which other researchers have collected for performing their researches (Johnston, 2014). This form of data ensures that reliable data is presented for enhancing the quality of the research project. For the collection of secondary data, journal articles and internet sources will be used. Data will be collected which is of after 2010. This is done for ensuring that the updated or current data is presented in the research (Turkenburg & McAuley, 2013). Procedure and technique: time has acted as a limitation in this research. Due to lack of availability of time, random sampling technique will be applied in this research program. Random sampling will help in the analysis and interpretation of the data in a better manner within the limited timeframe. Random sampling technique is a sampling technique which provides equal chances of being selected to every sample of the population (Nishad & Sankar, 2016). Strategy: a strategy needs to be adopted for the purpose of conducting the research in an effective manner. This strategy ensures that the research is conducted properly and covering every aspect. For the execution of this research program, systematic approach will be used. This systematic approach will ensure that the research is covering every aspect of the research by ensuring that nothing important has been left out. Different activities of the research will be conducted in a sequence and an action plan has been prepared for conducting the research in a sequence (Nirmala, 2013). Targeted market: target market is set for identification of the source from where information related to the research project is to be collected. Primary and secondary sources of data collected have been selected for collecting information. Primary data will be collected from the employees working in international organizations. This information will help in forming a view related to the research. Secondary data will be collected from the internet sources, newspapers, books and articles. Choice: Different alternatives have been analyzed for the purpose of selection of the most suitable or appropriate alternative for conducting this research project. Ethical consideration: ethical aspects help in the identification of right and wrong. This research project has been conducted by following the values and principles for conducting the research within the ethical boundaries. Confidentiality will be maintained for protecting the confidential information of the respondents. Presentation of data will be done in fair manner for ensuring that fair views of the respondents have been presented. Few limitations have been identified which have acted as issues for this research project. Dealing with these limitations in an effective manner is required for the execution of the research program properly. Time available for the execution of this research was limited. For coping with this limitation, random sampling technique has been used. Lack of resources is another limitation which affects the execution process of this research program. For the completion of the research program in a successful manner, different resources need to be applied or used. Lack of access to data also affected the data collection process of this research program. Deciding the topic for the research Decision will be made regarding the selection of the research topic. Plans will be formulated for preparing guidelines for the execution of the research program. Implementation of the plan will be done as per the plans formulated. This phase of the research project include collection of data with the application of primary and secondary sources of data collection. The analysis will be done on the collected data for forming the basis for conclusion and recommendations. Interpretation of the collected data Analysed data will be used for interpretation of the results. The conclusion will be based on the analyzed and interpreted data and recommendations will be provided. Thus, from the aspects discussed above, it can be concluded that the role and importance of outsourcing is increasing in this dynamic business environment. There are various aspects which are responsible for the increasing use of this concept. This report has discussed these aspects along with the aspects affecting the performance of the business adversely. This report has discussed a summary of the literature review as well as different methods or techniques for the collection of data related to the research topic. Limitations have been discussed in this report which could have affected the execution process of this research project. Crossman, A., 2017, â€Å"An Overview of Qualitative Research Methods†, ThoughtCo. Fita, M., 2012, â€Å"6 Reasons Why Social Networking is So Popular These Days†, Brandiginity. Galetic, L., Aleksic, A. & Klindzic, M., 2011, â€Å"Outsourcing and Downsizing As Modern Organizational Trends in Croatian Companies†, The Business Review, Cambridge, Vol. 17, Number 1. Johnston, M. P., 2014, â€Å"Secondary Data Analysis: A Method of which the Time Has Come†, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, pp. 619 –626. Mirza, A. A., 2012, â€Å"The Impacts of Outsourcing on the organisation and economy- A critical Look on Ericsson Transformation Planning Outsourced to India†, Blekinge Institute of Technology. Nirmala, Y., 2013, â€Å"Chapter four: research design†, Language in India, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 102. Nishad, P.M. & Sankar, S., 2016, â€Å"Efficient random sampling statistical method to improve big data compression ratio and pattern matching techniques for compressed data†, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 179. Quick, J. & Hall, S., 2015, â€Å"Part three: The quantitative approach†, Journal of perioperative practice, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 192 Smith, N.L., 2015, â€Å"Using Action Design Research to Research and Develop Evaluation Practice†, New Directions for Evaluation, vol. 2015, no. 148, pp. 57-72. Sturgeon, T. & Gereffi, G., 2011, â€Å"Measuring Success in the Global Economy: International Trade, Industrial Upgrading, and Business Function Outsourcing in Global Value Chains†,  Survey of Current Business, 91(2), pp.33–59, 61–66. Tayauova, G., 2012, â€Å"Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing: analysis of outsourcing practices of Kazakhstan banks†, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 188 – 195. Thomas, J. A., 2015, â€Å"Using unstructured diaries for primary data collection†, Nurse researcher, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 25. Turkenburg, J. P. & McAuley, K. E., 2013, â€Å"Data collection and processing†, Acta Crystallographica Section D, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 1193-1194. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing Business Functions Discuss About The Advantages Outsourcing Business Functions? Outsourcing of the business functions is among the effective actions in the contemporary businesses, given that many organization will attempt to utilize each one of these enhancements of technology, techniques as well as technologies to provide competent and competitive products which will gratify the customers (Alonso, Clifton and Dà ­az-Fuentes, 2015). This predicament is usable to both partners required, given that each could concentrate on their resources to build the core competencies and prospective directions of the activity. This could result in the decrease of the costs on the production of the final product since every part function on it, through its ideal without using off the additional effort along with investing for the understanding of the new activity (Alonso, Clifton and Dà ­az-Fuentes, 2015). In this study it focuses on the advantages and the disadvantages of outsourcing the business functions. The purpose of this research is to provide an insight and a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing of the business functions (Carnahan and Somaya, 2013). The study evaluate on whether the advantages expected from outsourcing maintenance activities are more than the associated disadvantages. This research has focused on the advantages and the disadvantages of the outsourcing business functions. The research will provide the reader to a much clearer understanding on the issue of outsourcing of the business functions. Definition of the outsourcing: according to power et al. outsourcing consists of two terms that are out and sourcing that describes â€Å"the act of transferring of the work, obligations and decision rights to someone else’’ (Carnahan and Somaya, 2013). Organization need to source out work given that still others who could get it done much cheaper, quicker as well as much better. In the right context and the deployed shrewdly, outsourcing of the business function could be a god way for the organization to improve on the efficiencies and bolter on the bottom line. The following are some of the advantages of outsourcing of the business function. Streamline of the cost of business: The primary cause that explains why the business outsource the company function would be to decrease on their cost of the procedures. Outsourcing lowers on the cost through capitalising the comparative benefits along with economies of scale which is common in the sectors (Chen, Hong, Jiang and Kubik, 2013). It is often expected that outsourcing can conservatively generate twenty percent saving on the cost to the enterprise operations (Carnahan and Somaya, 2013). This may be due to that outsourcing has a comparative cost benefit on the labor. Improvement of the business flexibility: as a result of outsourcing of the business functions, organization could enhance their services via taking the benefit of the time zone differentials. Focus on the core business: the outsourcing of the business enterprise functions allows organization to concentrate on their know-how along with the central business (Chen, Hong, Jiang and Kubik, 2013). Whenever a busi ness go outside their expertise, they enter into the business functions and the procedures which they might not have the expertise relating to and could possibly take away from the primary focus (Creon, Grover and Teng, 2017). An illustration, on this is when a grocery store choose in introducing the florist to their operation. Should there be too much concentrate on the section of the company they lose the focus to their primary business that is the grocery. Enhanced quality: This may be accomplished by using the vendors that have much more understanding so they have specialized procedures. Certainly this may be trough contracting out a cleaning program (Chen, Hong, Jiang and Kubik, 2013). An outside service might have the resources for employing, appropriate training in addition to facility inspections that could have never been offered in the event that these types of features were kept in the house. Focus: certain business could opt to outsource on their enterprise functions to be able to get rid of the disruptions in addition to force themselves to focus on their core competencies. This might be attractive advantageous especially to the start-up firms (Creon, Grover and Teng, 2017). Outsourcing has the capacity to free the entrepreneur from the cumbersome as well as the time intensive duties, for instance the payroll, to ensure that one can possibly focus on the sales along with the marketing actions which are most suitable to the business especially in the long run development and also success of the business (Gonzalez, Llopis and Gasco, 2013). The things get done quickly. The business has a tendency to outsource the functions since it get the work performed much quicker. In the event an enterprise continues to be working with the limited number of the staff members, you may get things completed whole faster by passing time consuming activity to the freelancer or maybe the external businesses. Furthermore, organization will continue to work around the clock (Gonzalez, Llopis and Gasco, 2013). This really is a major benefit of outsourcing the digital work overseas which will be a substantial difference to encounter in times of the time zones and the holidays. Higher customer satisfaction scores: The seller agreements usually guarantee a given level of the quality as well as service which could be harder to handle in house. An example, is an employee who has been called in sick, it is looking to the responsibility of the sellers in complying with the replacement to the contractual agreement. The business competitive advantage through outsourcing the functions. It could bring the flexibility to a business, by turning on the fixed costs into the variable costs as well as freeing up the capital (Gonzalez, Llopis and Gasco, 2013). Moreover, outsourcing could offer the business the edge especially when adapting to change the market conditions. Additionally, through outsourcing of the business functions it has been found that it can free the business to focus on its strengths (Gonzalez, Llopis and Gasco, 2013). This can be beneficial to the business hence allowing the employees to concentrate on the main duties and on the future strategies. Increase of the productivity:   outsourcing of the business functions have been found to increase of the productivity especially through delegating of the functions which are not in your business core competencies (Willcocks and Cullen, 2013). This will enable the business to increase on the complete advantages and generate an increased return on the productivity. The risk sharing: certainly one of important facet of determing the outcome of the campaign is the risk analysis. Outsourcing numerous business function parts could assist the business to shift particular responsibilities to the outsourced vendor (Rochester and Rochester, 1995). Given that the vendor who is outsourced is a specialist, they could anticipate the risk mitigating element significantly better. Cost saving: cost saving can be an important aspect of outsourcing the business functions. The cost saving could offset, setup or the production costs which are associated to the office space (Creon, Grover and Teng, 2017). These savings frees up the resources which could be used for other functions in the business. Loss of the managerial control: when an organization sign on an agreement to have another company execute the function of a division or a particular task, you are transforming both the administration and the control of that function over to the other business (Willcocks and Cullen, 2013). You should have an agreement, but the managerial control might remain in an additional organization. The company which you are outsourcing the solutions will never be related to the similar specifications along with the mission which drives your enterprise (Caruth, Haden and Caruth, 2013). They will be driven to making of the profit from the solutions which they are providing to you in addition to the other business like yours. Hidden expenses: the business would probably sign an agreement with the outsourcing firm that they might cover the particulars of services which they might be offering. Anything that is not offered in the contract could be the basis for extra charges (Liu and Wang, 2014). F urthermore, it is possible to experience the legal fees to be able to maintain legal representation to evaluate the agreements which you will sign. Lack of confidentiality: This is one of the primary issue with outsource the business function. The business needs to forego some form of privacy over their primary business secrets (Liu and Wang, 2014). Furthermore, the company must pass certain data such as the login details, the customer information along with the critical information of the processes of the business and safety measures that are undertaken, to permit the outsourcing firm to implement on the task in hand (Liu and Wang, 2014). Furthermore, the outsourcing organization will also be analysed for their internal security procedures which might result to data risk which can be stolen or even a fraud might be committed which leads to the loss of reputation along with the confidence of the client. This risk is high especially in which the financial data continues to be handl ed for example the banking information or maybe the credit. Poor customer experience: an actual and practical danger of the disadvantage of outsourcing on the business function is the loss in the customer assurance. There is developing variety of the businesses that are looking to offshore are meant to the foreign staff at a cost that could be a portion to exactly what the native employees gets (Caruth, Haden and Caruth, 2013). Even with the extensive training acquired, it has been determined that the customers possess poor experiences particularly when they are speaking with the foreign English speaking specialists. This might result in confusion along with misconception. Decrease of quality: the quality could acts as each a benefit along with a disadvantage within this discussion. The outsourced enterprise features, unless there is certainly a stiff quality check in place, they are able to quickly lessen on the advantages which a business initially saw in the whole idea of the outsourcing (Liu and Wang, 2014). Since all the outsourcing contracts have been drawn up in advance and there is not much room especially to the leveraging of the price, outsourcing company might resort to less than legal techniques to permit them generate an income. Risk of the conflict of interest:   before an organization sign on the outsourcing agreement, it is important to keep in mind that the service provider could currently be managing similar account or even the competitor’s ones (Liu and Wang, 2014). An outsourcing service provider will aim at handling many customer as possibly can. It may be difficult to know who their client are even after an extensive research and due diligence has been made (Gobble, 2013). The service providers are bound to other non-disclosure agreement with the other clients. One cannot compel them to disclose whether they are managing the other competitors. This can pose a risk to the business which could lead being used by the competitor (Schniederjans, Schniederjans and Schniederjans, 2015). Any data that is given to the service provider it could be used against the business one way or another without having knowledge of it (Gobble, 2013). Risk of exposure to the confidential data:   trust can become one of the major issue when outsourcing services since the arrangement entails sharing of the information which is confidential (Gobble, 2013). The non-Disclosure agreements are some of the usual set of the document that are used for enforcing it and they can become logistical inconvenience. A bad publicity and the ill-will: The word outsourcing could bring to mind various thing to different individuals. In case one lives in a community that has an outsourcing organization and they employ ones friends and neighbors, outsourcing is good (Kotlarsky, Scarbrough and Oshri, 2014). In case these individuals lost their jobs since they have been shipped across the state or across the world, outsourcing could bring a bad reputation. If the business outsource their operations, morale could suffer from the remaining workforce. Language limitations: In the event that the client call center is outsourced to another country which converse a complete different language, there could possibly be levels of the discontent for clients dealing with the language barriers of someone who has distinct accent (Kotlarsky, Scarbrough and Oshri, 2014). Organizational knowledge: a worker who may have recently been outsourced might not have the same comprehending and enthusiasm for the business as comparison to the regular employee (Dolgui and Proth, 2013). There may be the potential that an outsourced staff member would interact with the client compared with being as knowledgeable of the business which may result to the negative client experience. Legal compliance and security: it is critical that problems in relation to the legal compliance along with security are handled in a formal documentation. The processes that are outsourced needs to be managed to be able to make sure that there is diligence with the legal confor mity along with the system security (Dolgui and Proth, 2013). An illustration might be the information technology function and having an outsourced staff utilize their access to the confidential customer data for their very own gains. Staff layoffs: outsourcing usually lead to the need to the decrease in the degree of the staff. Except if it might be organized via attrition, layoffs are unavoidable (Wuyts, Rindfleisch and Citrin, 2015). This is very difficult at the best and if this is not handled well, it could have an adverse impact on the remaining staff (Dolgui and Proth, 2013). Additionally, when an organization is researching vendors to outsource it is important to reflect on your particular requirements and get at least three requests for the proposal to make sure that the enterprise is getting the best value for their money . Outsourcing of the business functions has become one of the widely used contemporary business practices. However, it has both benefits and drawbacks.   While the character of the work in which the organization operates and aims that it set could change, outsourcing could change on as well as bring both benefits and risk to the client organization. From the analysis discussed above on the benefits and drawback of the outsourcing, it is obvious that the practices of outsourcing the business functions are not similar to all the organization. Several aspect can be learnt from this literature. If a company is small and has limited resources, then they need to outsource. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the outsourcing activities cannot always ensure that common benefits such as the cost reduction are achieved. Alonso, J.M., Clifton, J. and Dà ­az-Fuentes, D., 2015. Did new public management matter? An empirical analysis of the outsourcing and decentralization effects on public sector size. Public Management Review, 17(5), pp.643-660. Carnahan, S. and Somaya, D., 2013. Alumni effects and relational advantage: the impact on outsourcing when a buyer hires employees from a supplier's competitors. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6), pp.1578-1600. Caruth, D.L., Haden, S.S.P. and Caruth, G.D., 2013. Critical factors in human resource outsourcing. Journal of Management Research, 13(3), p.1. Chen, J., Hong, H., Jiang, W. and Kubik, J.D., 2013. Outsourcing mutual fund management: firm boundaries, incentives, and performance. The Journal of Finance, 68(2), pp.523-558. Creon, M.J., Grover, V. and Teng, J.T., 2017. Theoretical Perspectives on the Outsourcing of Information Systems. In Outsourcing and Offshoring Business Services (pp. 25-52). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Dolgui, A. and Proth, J.M., 2013. Outsourcing: definitions and analysis. International Journal of Production Research, 51(23-24), pp.6769-6777. Gobble, M.M., 2013. Outsourcing innovation. Research-Technology Management, 56(4), pp.64-67. Gonzalez, R., Llopis, J. and Gasco, J., 2013. Information systems offshore outsourcing: managerial conclusions from academic research. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(2), pp.229-259. Kotlarsky, J., Scarbrough, H. and Oshri, I., 2014. Coordinating expertise across knowledge boundaries in offshore-outsourcing projects: The role of codification. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 38(2), pp.607-627. Liu, S. and Wang, L., 2014. Understanding the impact of risks on performance in internal and outsourced information technology projects: The role of strategic importance. International Journal of Project Management, 32(8), pp.1494-1510. Rochester, J.H. and Rochester, H., 1995, September. Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. In Professional Communication Conference, 1995. IPCC'95 Proceedings. Smooth sailing to the Future., IEEE International (pp. 77-82). IEEE. Schniederjans, M.J., Schniederjans, A.M. and Schniederjans, D.G., 2015. Outsourcing and insourcing in an international context. Routledge. Willcocks, L. and Cullen, S., 2013. Intelligent IT outsourcing. Routledge. Wuyts, S., Rindfleisch, A. and Citrin, A., 2015. Outsourcing customer support: The role of provider customer focus. Journal of Operations Management, 35, pp.40-55.

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House of Lords Reform - Essay Example 110). That same year the government took its first significant steps in reforming the House with the Constitutional Reform Act. This act mandated the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom to take over the existing role of the Law Lords, in addition to taking on a role in the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. It also removed the powers of the Speaker of the House of Lords and Head of the Judiciary of England and Wales from the office of Lord Chancellor. This change has been the most contentious of those proposed. The number of elected representatives that should be allowed has been the subject of considerable debate. It was proposed that 120 members be elected by the public, 120 appointed by a statutory independent commission and the rest would be appointed by political parties in proportion to votes received by a party at the most recent general election. Despite the debate surrounding the number of members a larger issue is at stake. In the report put forward by Clarke, Cook, Tyler, Wright and Young (2005) they claim that it is not so much the number of elected members but rather the powers they will receive that is at issue (p. 8). They state, "Whilst there has been a great deal of support for the introduction of elected members, some in the political world have been concerned that this would make the second chamber more powerful, and therefore result in a challenge to the traditional primacy of the House of Commons" (p. 8). merits and dismerits: There is little doubt that the introduction of elected members to the House of Lords would allow for a greater degree of democratic representation than is seen today, particularly within the regions. Yet, it could cause an unfavorable change in the balance of power between the two houses if elected members do not take the spirit of the Salisbury Doctrine into consideration, something many doubt would happen. Roger and Walters (2004) state the Salisbury convention is perhaps more a code of behaviour for the Conservative Party when in opposition in the Lords than a convention of the House. Indeed it is a moot point whether, following the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999, the expulsion of the hereditary members and the ending of the overwhelming numerical advantage of the Conservative Party, the Salisbury convention as originally devised can have any continuing validity (p. 19)1. If the House of Commons and the Executive wish for there to be a check on the Ho use of Lord's powers of bill prevention they must look to making such limitations. 2. The reduction of the number of House members Currently the House of Lords has over 700 members and is one of the largest parliamentary chambers in the world. Although, since members are appointed for life and often reach an age where they cannot sit in on House meetings as often, attendance is considerably lower than the total number of

The Right Key :: Free Essays Online

The Right Key Today many common, everyday functions are governed by punching the right keys. Whether you are "surfing" the World Wide Web or making a long-distance phone call, you essentially press some type of key to manipulate some form of technology. This ability to manipulate technology can be considered a "literacy": a mastery of the specific skills and knowledge required to use technology to a person's advantage. Because of their widespread use in everyday life, a literacy of different forms of technology is a necessity for people today. The ability to use some form of technology to your own advantage is to be technologically literate. Technology encompasses everything from computers, the World Wide Web, and e-mail to telephones, cash machines, and library cataloguing resources. This definition implies just a working knowledge and familiarity with the technology in the world today and not a complete, in depth knowledge. A knowledge is mandatory for all because technology is constantly surrounding people today. Computers and related objects are now used by not only scientists and engineers but also students and parents. A knowledge of how to search the World Wide Web can be useful when a student is looking for references for a report. Checking a bank account balance over the phone can be a useful skill for a parent with little time. Both skills however require a literacy of computer, telephone, and banking technology. In my own experience, a technological literacy is essential in my life: there is not a day where I do not use some form of technology. Not only do I use a long distance code when calling home but I also acquire money to pay my phone bill from a cash machine. I frequently e-mail friends at other colleges and have an electronic meal plan on my college ID card. When writing papers I do research with the on-line library catalog and actually write my paper on my computer. If I did not know how to use these forms of technology I would certainly not be able to pass my english class. Thus for people who are illiterate technologically their lives become more complex and at times difficult in a world which is very dependent on technology. If you urgently need money at midnight, and do not know how to use a cash machine, can you wait till the bank opens in the morning? A person can only search for references on a computer and save themselves large amounts of time if they know how to use a computer.

Social Work Management and Its Relevance to the Social Work Profession

SOCIAL WORK MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE SOCIAL WORK PROFFESSION LAUREN DA SILVA Introduction. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 The social work profession †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Definition of management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. {text:list-item} What is social work management?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Case Study: Management in One Way Community Services†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Appendix 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 List of Sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 INTRODUCTION: Management and the study and refinement of management sciences are by no means a recent field of study. Basically, as long as human beings have been organizing themselves in groups to fulfil a common purpose or goal, some form of management has been employed to keep things under control, running smoothly and more effectively. In fact, one of the earliest recordings of a management technique can be found in the Christian Bible in chapter 18 (verse 25) of the book of Exodus where after encountering numerous problems resulting from being the only direct report to millions of Israelite people, Moses decides to â€Å"choose capable men from all Israel and made them leaders of the people, officials over thousands, hundreds, fifties and tens† (Exodus 18:25 New International Version). Considering management has been used by human civilization since the beginning of its existence (even if it is done completely unwittingly), I find it rather surprising that management as a field of study has only been in existence since around 1890, when Frederick Taylor developed the â€Å"Scientific Management Theory†, which characterized the emphasis on scientific measurement of tasks and use of highly mechanized, assembly line and routine activities by workers (Very Brief History of Management Theories). From between 1930 and 1950; Taylor’s management theory began to give way to Max Webber’s â€Å"Bureaucratic Management Theory†. He â€Å"focused on dividing organizations into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control† (Very Brief History of Management Theories) and emphasized detailed, standardized operational structures with very little room for flexibility (Very brief history of management theories). From then on human rights groups like trade unions began to heavily influence governments which in turn began creating legislation which reacted to these inhuman management structures. Human resource divisions were added to companies and it became common to relate the prosperity of the organization to the wellbeing of its employees. Added to this, breakthroughs made in the human sciences fields of study played a strong role in helping management to understand and take into consideration the needs of workers (Very brief history of management theories). So, with the momentum that management as a field of study has gained over the past century and the mark that it has left on organizational functioning (hopefully for the better) as it has developed, it’s relevance to the social work profession is an important topic of discussion. Over the course of this assignment I will be critically discussing social work management and its relevance to the social work profession. I will also use a case study to explain how management influences the effectiveness and efficiency within One Way Community Services (the non profit organization with which I have been placed for my practical work for this year). I will start off by introducing the social work profession as it will be discussed in this essay, specifically within the context of non-profit organizations. I will then define management as it is applied to both for and non -profit organizations and how these practices influence the success of non profit organizations. Then, I will define social work management specifically and its relevance to the social work profession. Finally I will discuss the influence of social work management on social welfare service effectiveness within the non-profit organization with whom I have been placed for my practical work (One Way Community Services) before I conclude with some final thoughts on social work management. THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION In order to understand the relevance of social work management to the social work profession, I feel that it is of importance to have a clear understanding of the history of the social work profession, how it is currently defined and the context it operates in. {text:list-item} {text:list-item} When Christianity was legalized by Emperor Constantine the first, the church started setting up poor houses, orphanages and homes for the aged and these were funded in part with grants from the Roman Empire. By 590, the early church had an established system of circulating food and consumables to the poor. In the Middle Ages, giving to the poor was considered part of one’s religious duty and although it was common to give items like food and clothing, the root causes of poverty however, were never addressed (History of Social work – Wikipedia). {text:list-item} As a profession, social work began in the 19th century in America and the United Kingdom – mainly because the poor were seen as threatening to the social order. When the industrial revolution began, the leap in technology and science also led to increased migration to urban areas which in turn lead to increased social problems which naturally lead to an increase in social activism. The settlement movement, during this time focused on the causes of poverty – Research, reform and residence. They provided educational, legal and health services that advocated reforms in social policy. Workers in the settlement movement pioneered the immersement of workers in the culture of those they were helping. Two pioneers in the establishment of social work as a profession were Mary Richmond (Mary Richmond's Charity Organization Society) and Jane Addams (Jane Addams's Settlement House Movement). They debated whether or not problems should be taken from a scientific method (Richmond) or immersion into the problem which blurred the boundary between professional and client (History of Social Work – Wikipedia). The first social work class was offered at the University of Columbia in 1898 and in 1947 Lindeman â€Å"affirmed criteria† by which it could be seen as an actual profession. In 1957, Lindeman described social work as being a profession but on the lower end of the development continuum. Encyclopaedia of Social Work(in SCK 407-G Study Guide 1:3). After a few decades of the increased formalisation of social work, and an increased understanding of the skill it requires to understand people fully and to assist them in helping themselves (SCK 407-G Study Guide 1:4), Spiro et al (in SCK 407-G Study Guide 1:4) describes social work as having achieved a â€Å"full-fledged professional status†. Since then social workers have taken the lead in developing programmes and organizations that have made a difference in the lives of people in need (NASW –History of Social Work). 2. 2 CURRENT DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK The social work profession is described by the International Federation of Social Workers as a profession that; â€Å"†¦ promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work. † (International Federation of Social workers – definition of social work) It is further defined by the National association of social workers as; â€Å"the professional activity of helping individuals, groups or communities to enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and to create societal conditions favourable to their goals. Zastrow (in SCK 102-X Study guide 1:57) Basically, social work profession definitions all point to people’s relationship between themselves and their social environments, a concern for social functioning, problems, needs, policy, institutions and wellbeing and ongoing interaction between individuals, groups and communities (SCK 102-X Study Guide 1:59). {text:list-item} The social work profession needs to und erstand the contexts within which it works (SCK 407-G Study guide 1:4), and for the purposes of this assignment, one of those contexts is the organization. Social workers hardly ever operate by themselves, in isolation of some sort of organization – most of the time the organization is a non-profit but it not unheard of to find a social worker being employed by a for-profit organization for the sake of the wellbeing of its employees. Organizations exist to meet the needs of people and as history has evolved, people have realized that human needs are better met with collective efforts (SCK 407-G Study guide 1:5) and social needs are no exception, thus social work is also practiced in organizations, particularly welfare or non-profit organizations (SCK 407-G Study Guide 1:5). In addition to this, social worker’s actions are sanctioned and accountable to these organizations (SCK 408-H Study Guide 1:3). A non-profit organization is characterized most importantly by the fact that the people involved for a reason other than benefitting financially (they are actually banned from doing so) and that a non-profit organization usually meets a need or goal of the public or a subsection of the public that supports its existence (SCK 407-G Study Guide 1:7). As mentioned earlier, one type of non-profit organization in which the social work operates in, is the welfare organization (and for the purposes of this assignment will be used inter-changeably with the term non-profit organization). Dealing with people directly The core activities are interactions between the public (customers) and the staff of the organization The results of the rendered service are difficult to predict There are many interested partied involved The organization is staffed by professional people all belonging to organized professions Organizations are highly dependent on their environments. Organizational factors influence how social work services are organized, delivered and evaluated (SCK 407-G Study Guide 1:24) and so it makes sense that the management of this organizational context would play a big role in the quality of social work services that are rendered, the next section we will introduce the concept of management and how effective management of a non-profit organization can improve its services before exploring how a specific type of management (Social work management), is specifically needed for the special challenges facing the social work profession within the non-profit organizational context. DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT: Management is defined by dictionary. com as being: â€Å"The act, manner, or practice of managing; handling, supervision, or control: management of a crisis; management of factory workers; the person or persons who control or direct a business or other enterprise; skill in managing; executive ability. † (Dictionary. com: Management) It is also defined by Kroontz & Weihrich (in SCK 408-H Study Guide 1:6) as: â€Å"the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals working together in groups, accomplish efficiently selected aims. From this definition we can infer a number of things: Management helps to facilitate & guide the actions of people and the use of resources towards accomplishing a specific goal. Management is responsible for creating an environment in which people can perform optimally – thus increasing productivity. Management can be utilized in any type of organization Management also consists of 4 or so (de pending on the source) basic management tasks which are perfomed in order for every task that is carried out. These basic management tasks are: planning, organization, activation & control. text:list-item} Management has a number of benefits when used correctly in any organization, adapted from Weinbach (in SCK 408-H Study guide1:28) a number of which are listed below: Management provides a structure for employee accountability. Management provides a structure for employee discipline. Management provides a structure for the co-ordination of a number of activities by a number of people all resulting in the accomplishment of the desired goal. Management provides the structures and means for evaluation of employee and organizational performance. Management provides an indication of where the organization stands within the greater environmental context Management structures provide guidelines for employee behaviour Management provides a vehicle for the improvement and expansion of employee knowledge and skills. Aside from the many benefits management has for the organization as a whole, good management is also associated with a number of benefits experienced by employees. Here are a few as listed by Brian Amble (Benefits all round from good talent management): Employees feel more engaged by their work Employees feel more satisfied with their jobs overall Employees feel more satisfied with their companies overall Employees are more likely to have confidence in the future of the organizations at which they are employed Employees have a positive impression of the people in management positions – they believe that the work load is managed effectively and that people in senior positions value the input of all employees and see it as an important contribution to the success of the organization. Employees feel a strong sense of job security Employees feel that their performance is evaluated fairly Employees experience more feelings of personal accomplishment In summary, when employees are satisfied, productivity increases and when productivity is high in any given organization, it can be said with great certainty that the management of that organization is fulfilling its role in making sure that the organization is running as effectively and efficiently as possible, resulting not only in a more competitive organization but an organization that is a better place for its employees to work. WHAT IS SOCIAL WORK MANAGEMENT? Social work management is defined by Trecker (1971, in SCK 408-H Study Guide 1:6) as the following: â€Å"Social work administration (management) is the process of working with people in ways that release and relate their energies so that they use all available resources to accomplish the purpose of providing needed community services and programs. Here one can see that this definition that relates specifically to social work management but that the definition is exceptionally similar to those of management as stated in the previous section in the following ways: Both refer to the co-ordination of people and resources to facilitate the accomplishment of a specific goal. Both refer to the creation of an environment in which an organization and the people in the organization can function optimally (ensuring maximum productivity). On first glance it would appear that management and social work management are two terms which refer to the same thing, but that is not really the case. Although the functions of management and social work management are essentially the same, the difference is that in the case of a non-profit or welfare organization, although effective management is most definitely required, social work management is the ideal. This is because success for this type of organization requires more than just management, it â€Å"requires a breadth of view, rooted in social work knowledge and values† Teichman in Slavin (in SCK 407-G Study Guide 1:33). An article by Mind tools called â€Å"Managing in non-profit organizations†, states that managers need more than just management skills to succeed and that they need a clear understanding of the very specific nature of non-profit organizations (Managing in non-profit organizations). Teichman goes further to state that employing a manager instead of a social worker could actually have a negative impact on this type of organization. Teichman in Slavin (in SCK 407-H Study Guide 1:33). The purposes of a non-profit or welfare organization are best accomplished when someone has a professional social work education and some experience. This in combination with a strong identification with social work values and ethics AND training in management is ideal and exactly what a welfare organization needs to fully accomplish its goals in the most productive way possible (SCK 407-G Study Guide 1:33). {text:list-item} The relevance of social work management can be found when the unique challenges facing non-profit and welfare organizations and the wider context in which these operate are considered. text:list-item} A challenge facing social work management which does not exist in other organizations is the absence of the profit motive. In for-profit organizations the motivation for the existence as well as personal involvement in the organization is financial gain (profit), this motive does not usually exist in non-profit organizations as the organization exists to provide a s ervice to others and if workers are paid employees, remuneration is generally not as high as with for-profit organizations. For this reason it is fair to say that people choose to work in non-profit organizations because they identify with the mission and/ or vision of the organization or because they have other personal reasons for joining the organization (it is important to note however that this is not always the case and there are some exceptions). It is thus important for social work management to understand what motivates their paid team and to use this motivation to increase worker effectiveness and efficiency. Providing incentive that links the worker personally to the organizational mission rather than career orientated incentives like promotion might be more effective (Managing in non-profit organizations). A social worker in management is more qualified for this type of thing because social workers are especially trained in the art of understanding people in their totality and these skills can easily be used in different contexts including management contexts. text:list-item} In for-profit organizations, profit gives an overall measure of effectiveness and efficiency of the organization as it is concrete and easy to measure(SCK 407-G study guide 1:29). In non-profit organization it is not as easy to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization as firstly, each organization decides for itself (depending on its vision and mission) what the criterion are. Social workers have an advantage in that their understanding of human condition and the root causes of poverty and this might help them to quantify a way that would enable them to notice if the services of the non-profit organization in question have actually improved it. For this reason I believe that social work management is relevant to the social work profession. {text:list-item} In a non-profit organization income is not really proportional to how many people make use of your product or services in comparison to for-profit organizations where this relationship is directly proportional (SCK 407-G study guide 1:30). Non-profit organizations need to rely on grants from government and donations from other organizations and individuals in the public for the means to continue its existence (as adequate finances are indispensible for the increased frequency of service provision as well as the improvement in quality of these services). An added dynamic is that non-profit organizations normally cooperate with other organizations (discussed later), but have to compete for limited finances. This means that social work managers need to be very careful when using their resources responsibly, in a sustainable way and at the same time balance donor expectations (which usually involve wanting to see money go directly to the beneficiaries when a lot of money also needs to go into operating expenses)(Managing in non profit organizations). In addition to this social workers also need to master another skill which a manager in a for-profit organization would probably never need. I do not believe that a social work manager would necessarily be better at this task as in my opinion it would not really require skills specific to the social work profession but rather skills specific to financial management, public relations and marketing. {text:list-item} Non-profit organizations are also different to for-profit organizations in that instead of competing with other organizations that render similar services, it actually pays to cooperate with them. This is because a non-profit organization’s situation improves if ts clients are made independent of its services or if it has less customers than its capacity limit. It also ensures better service to the client. Cooperation with similar organizations is a good way to achieve this (SCK 407-G Study Guide 1:31). A special skill required for the social work manager is that of the ability to network and form partnerships with other organizations. This includes the ability to influence these relationships for the org anization’s and clients’ benefits (Management in non-profit organizations). text:list-item} Social work management also has the unique task of managing unpaid staff as in a non-profit organization, volunteers could sometimes out number paid staff. Volunteers need to be managed like any other human resource – staffing planning, job descriptions, performance management and evaluation as well providing appropriate awards and actions that could lead to the termination of services (non-profit specific management skills). In addition to this, a manager needs to manage volunteers and paid staff in such a way that ensures that all feel valued and motivated equally. Social work management is also more effective in terms of this challenge as in addition to management skills which they possess which allow them to create suitable job descriptions, planning the roles of volunteers into the organizational structure and managing them with the same professionalism as other volunteers, they possess skills needed to understand human behaviour and what motivates people, and then using this understanding to ensure motivation of volunteers as discussed in section 4. . 1. {text:list-item} In most cases, there is a vast difference in the availability of technology to assist in the accomplishment of organizational goals when one compares non-profit and for-profit organizations. In for-profit organizations, the application of technology is precise in its application and in non-profit organizations there is a wide range of responses to a limited number of techniques (case, group and community work). The technology used in social work is therefore very vague and imprecise in comparison, making it difficult to predict results and link cause and effect in relation to technology used in social work (SCK 407-G study guide 1:32). The social work manager’s task is to understand the technology used in the profession and also develop means to use it the most effective and efficient ways possible – minimizing its disadvantages and maximizing its benefits. The social work manager is also better suited to handle this challenge as the social work manager spends most of his or her time in professional training mastering the techniques mentioned above and so he or she is in the best position to understand them the most and thus use them most effectively. {text:list-item} Non-profit organizations possess another unique trait in that the climate in which it operates is very often emotionally charged and draining. Employees and volunteers very often become personally involved in what they do and their clients and although this sometimes does mean that they are highly motivated and committed to what the organization does, it also leaves them drained and sometimes traumatized by the situations that they encounter. This becomes a risk factor as it leaves employees demoralized and sometimes even desensitized by their experiences and their productivity decreases. Although workers at for-profit organizations experience some form of emotional distress at their place of work, it is the nature of this distress (usually stress related to the pace at which the organization moves and not the emotionally content of the work done) which makes it different to what is experienced at non-profit organizations It takes a wise and highly competent manager to negotiate this challenge in such a way that does not create a sterile and uncaring environment which at the same time does not create a space which leaves employees emotionally drained and exhausted. This, according to Jean Roberts requires an organizational commitment to reducing the possibility of risk by allocating resources to the identification, analysis and prevention of risk and monitoring the cause and effects of this risk and managing it effectively (Added Human risk for non profit organizations). Social work managers are once again better equipped at navigating these kinds of situations because of their knowledge of and probably their experience with the nature of the social work profession and the kinds of situations are encountered. A social work manager would need to combine the social work skills of empathy and the advanced skills with skills related specifically to management (creating structures and roles as well as allocating resources within the organization) to reduce the risk of this challenge without removing the personal nature of the work done in non-profit organizations. {text:list-item} Just as much as management in for-profit organizations need a strong knowledge of the laws and policies influencing the nature of the services and products that are rovided to the public, so the management of the non-profit organization needs a strong knowledge of policies and legislation that relate specifically to the kinds of services rendered by the organization (child welfare laws, fundraising laws, laws relating to non-profit organizational management structure) as well as policies relating to employment of employees, human resources and income tax laws (non profit specific management skills). In addition to this, non-profit organizations have an ethical responsibility towards improving and changing legislation and policy to better meet the needs of the people it is supposed to help and serve (SCK411-C Study Guide 1:66). Board members and management need to have strong working knowledge of the various agencies and organizations that influence legislation as well as rules and regulations effecting government and private funding – this is most definitely a non-profit specific management skill (non profit management skills). Social work management is best equipped for this unique attribute of the non-profit organization sector. Once again social workers are trained in the knowledge of legislation and policy that specifically effects the profession and the organizations in which it operates. This puts social work management in the position it needs to be in to not only react to these policies by complying with them and making sure that the organization stays on the right side of the law, but it being on the forefront of service delivery also allows it to be in the best position to make important recommendations to how policies and legislation can be changed for the betterment of the profession and overall, to improve the lives of the people who make use of these services. CASE STUDY: MANAGEMENT IN ONE WAY COMMUNITY SERVICES One Way Community Services is a section 21 company, non-profit organization, which focuses mainly on community development. It was started as the response of One Way Community Church to the needs it saw within its local community – the Vaal Triangle (which consists of Vanderbijlpark, Vereeniging, Sasolburg and the surrounding townships). (One way Community Services Brochure). One Way Community Services was started 9 years ago and its emphasis is on community development, specifically in the focal points of children and HIV/AIDS. The organization is proudly South African and firmly believes in the â€Å"purpose and potential locked up in the lives of the people they work with† (One Way Community Services Brochure). They have six core values which they try and incorporate into everything that they do and these are: Unconditional love, compassion, faith, excellence, brightness and fun. Projects which are run by One Way Community Services include Ikageng Shelter for homeless boys, Khanya Khaya Home for abandoned girls, One Way Early learning center, Breakfast club, Princess project, Public Hospital play time and once off community renovations (more information about these projects can be found in the attached One Way Community Services Brochure). Currently, One way Community Services employs five full time staff members 2 full time volunteers. The management team consists of Ellouise Jansen Van Vuuren who is the managing director, as well as four other people from various spheres of the community (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). text:list-item} I met with the managing director of One Way Community Services, Ellouise Jansen van Vuuren who is a qualified social worker who was trained at UNISA. Ellouise fits the description of social work management as described in section 4 and that is why I decided to interview her for the purposes of this assignment. It is important to rem ember that while reading the findings of this case study that they represent the frame of reference (proposition 7 of the person centered approach) and perceptions (proposition 2 of the person centered approach) of Ellouise within the context of her organization (Grobler et al 2006: 50 &69). I have however tried as far as possible to indicate contextual information as such as it could have an effect of my overall conclusion at the end of this assignment. {text:list-item} When asked where her organization would be without management, Ellouise simply responded, â€Å"nowhere† (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). When I asked her to elaborate she said that management literally makes the difference between life and death for any kind of organization, no matter if they were for-profit or non-profit. She also said that the difference between a terrible organization, a good organization and a great organization usually has very little to do with the type of service it renders but the quality of the management. She mentioned further that administration and management keep the wheels turning in her organization and that one could have all the best intentions and resources in the world but if management was not there to administer them, they would not be used to their fullest potential (effectively speaking – effectively and efficiently)(Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). 5. 1. 1. The benefits of planning: Ellouise said that the management function of planning has helped her organization to increase its effectiveness and efficiency mostly in the area of how they use their finances. When it comes to government funding, the organization needs to submit a financial plan to the department of social development on how they plan on spending the money that they need almost 6 months in advance. This not only helps them to identify the resources needed for the next year but it also forces them to plan their activities and calendar ahead of time too (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). This means that things no longer happen haphazardly, but intentionally as the organization deems necessary. This type of planning allows the organization to be purposeful about its priorities. The things that they say are important to them and are priority for them to do to fulfil their goals and objectives (as well as their mission and vision) can now happen according to a schedule which allows them to be as prepared as possible for these events – this is because they know that they are coming and prepare adequately for them, and the more prepared they are, the more effective and efficient their services can be (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). . 1. 1. 2 The benefits of organizing Organizing by a manager at One Way Community Services involves meeting with people from different departments, meeting with the management committee and the marketing team and arranging with them the different activities that need to be done and who needs to do them. Ellouise, who is the managing director, oversees the various areas within the organization and is constantly concerned with the bigger picture and how every department fits in with the others but leaves the smaller details and nitty-gritty’s of running each department or project to the department or project heads. Each project head then has a team that works under them and so this ensures that Ellouise does organizing for the organization as a whole but each project has a team that organizes activities and responsibilities for that specific department or project (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). This ensures (as mentioned earlier), that Ellouise can focus on the bigger picture of the organization in that when she looks at the organization as a whole she makes sure that its meeting its mission and vision while projects and departments are making sure that they meet their own objectives (which contribute to the rganization’s mission and vision). Organizing in One Way Community Services also has an added benefit of ensuring service effectiveness and efficiency and that is because when jobs, time, departments etc are organized, things stand a better chance of actually being done. When things get done, service is delivered and when service is delivered in a certain way by certain people it is also e asier to evaluate which means that it is easier to improve (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). Ensuring that everyone has a specific role and that departments and projects are well organized also ensures employee and volunteer security in that they know what is expected of them. Ellouise has found that people who are unsure of what is expected of them and how what they do fits into the bigger picture, are less motivated and productive than their counterparts who have a clear understanding of where they fit within the organization and a specific project (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). 5. 1. 1. The benefits of activating Activating in One Way Community Services takes place by the setting into motion of the plans, people and departments that have been organized. Having everybody actually performing the role that has been assigned to them vastly increases the capacity of the organization. Ellouise noted that when you give somebody a responsibility, you need to be serious about it because a lot of the time people are given responsibilities as a token measure but they do not really functi on in it. She mentioned a simple example of telling someone they were in charge of answering the phone , sending faxes and making photocopies – if you are always answering the phone before that person and doing the faxing and photocopying yourself you are doing yourself, the organization and the employee or volunteer a disservice. For an organization to truly maximize its capacity and in doing so increasing its efficiency, you need to play people at their strengths and let them do what they are supposed to do. She said that if she was the only one doing the work in the organization, there would be no leading or future planning or big picture thinking and the organization would be limited to only what she could do – but when you start relying on other people to do what was planned to the capacity of the organization expands and you are able to do more (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). 5. 1. 1. 4 The benefits of control Control takes place in 3 key areas at One Way Community Services: Finances, staff performance and project progress (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). Financial control takes place via auditing of the organizations books which takes place once a year, an accountant on the management team that does book keeping of the books once a month, quarterly expenditure reports, 6 monthly progress reports, all the money that enters and leaves the organization (even cash), must go through the back account and there are 2 signatories and passwords on the bank account (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). All of these measures project the organization from financial mismanagement and it enhances accountability and transparency. This improves the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization because these measures ensure that funds are not easy to spend which means they are not easy to mismanage thus making them difficult to waste or spend unnecessarily. When financial resources are used optimally the effectiveness of the services provided by One way Community is increased and efficiency is improved (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). Control of staff performance is maintained through 6 monthly appraisals and weekly staff meetings. Management also does its best to create climate of trust amoungst the staff so that it is easier to talk about things (Jansen Van Vuuren). These measures enhance accountability between staff members and management but they also allow for the improvement of performance by staff members. Receiving regular feedback at staff meetings and more in-depth, specific feedback at appraisals are done in a very constructive way which encourage the improvement of performance and the development of skills. When staff members receive feedback in such a way that motivates them to improve themselves and how they do their work, effectiveness and efficiency of the organization improves (Jansen Van Vuuren). Measures that provide control for projects and different departments are department heads filling in quarterly reports which are submitted to the management team for review, strict policies regarding the spending of money and accountability measures which put project leaders directly responsible for money spent as well as objectives for each department and project which are determined before hand against which projects are evaluated. These provide a guideline for project leaders and department heads to keep track of their own performance and they know against what criteria they will be evaluated in the future (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). These measures provide both a yardstick for success as well as a means of using that yardstick. When projects and departments know how they measure success they can not only streamline their activities to meet their goals but they also have a means of evaluating their success and determining where to make changes if they are necessary. Any form of evaluation and positive change as a result can only hold positive results for the quality of the services rendered by the organization as activities that are evaluated and adjusted constantly, improve both the effectiveness and efficiency of those services (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). text:list-item} I will now discuss how Ellouise being a social worker in a management position improves the effectiveness and efficiency of social welfare services rendered at One Way Community Services. At the onset of our interview, I asked Ellouise if she felt that as a qualified social worker in a management position she had an advantage when it came to impro ving the effectiveness and efficiency of services rendered at One way Community Services, her reply was â€Å"definitely†, (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). When asked to explain why she thinks so she said that she had previously been involved in the management committee of another non profit organization and being the only social worker, she noticed that although her colleges had the best of intentions, their lack of understanding of the context of community development and how to properly identify needs, a lot of the time lead to money being put into projects which were â€Å"nice thoughts†, but made no real difference to the root causes of poverty or the real needs experienced by the people. Basically money gets wasted on good ideas when people do not have a proper understanding of the theory behind the profession. She went further to say that she wondered how much financial resource had been put into projects that made no real difference in the lives of people they were intended to reach and what kind of a country we would be living in today if management of some non profit organizations had some form of social work training (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). I will now explain the specific experiences One Way Community services has had with the unique challenges facing non-profit and welfare organizations (as mentioned in section 4. 1) and if social work management has been able to assist the organization in improving its effectiveness and efficiency as a result. {text:list-item} Ellouise agreed that the absence of the profit motive existed in non-profit organizations. The staff at One way Community Services are not motivated by corporate money or the ladder or promotion and success but she knows that every person does need money to survive (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). At One Way Community services, management uses principles of the person centred approach like self determination (proposition 4) (which Ellouise learned as part of her social work training) to handle problems that arise as a result of the absence of large salaries etc. They do not beg anyone to stay and freely allow any employee to leave the organization is not serving their needs. They also do their best to hire the right people for the job – people who are motivated by the desire to help others. This eliminates a lot of problems that can occur later. The organization also tries to keep their staff motivated by regular team building, staff meetings, socials and one on one chats between employees and management (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). I can see that Ellouise as the managing director has used a lot of the person centred theory she learnt as a social worker in the interaction with her staff, she however, doesn’t seem to think that her social work training has left her in a much better position than someone in management who has not had training in the field of social work (Jansen van Vuuren). 5. 1. 2. 2 The absence of the profit measure The lack of profit measure has proved a challenge for One Way Community Services management because outcomes of the services that they deliver can be very vague to quantify at times (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). Ellouises training as a social worker has however put her in a position where is better able to identify guidelines and objectives for development projects and departments that fit in with the theory that she learnt as part of her training which in turn fit in with development standards like empowerment of participants and encouraging independence in the organization’s clients. Objectives for the boy’s shelter and girl’s home for example include reunifications with families because the organization understands the importance of releasing people to independence rather than dependence on the organization. Ellouise has also promoted the importance of sustainability within the organization which is also something she learnt to be important during her studies (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). In this instance, it is clear how social work training can be used by management to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of social welfare services within an organization. text:list-item} The sources of financial support at One Way Community Services include grants from government, donations from members of the public and funds raised by the newly established marketing team (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). Ellouise said that her specific training for social work didn’t really help her in these areas. She agrees that it is a unique challenge that management in for- profit organizations would not have to face and that she would probably not have been trained in fundraising if she studied a management degree. She said that perhaps social worker students from other institutions received more input on how to raise funds and work with government funding but she did not feel that she did. She did mention that just being exposed to the social welfare context as a student may have helped her a little bit but she did not feel that as a social worker she had any real advantage over a manager without her training in social work and that she had to stumble around blindly for a while before she got her bearings and figured out how to go about things (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). I believe that the problem in this instance is not necessarily with social work management in itself but rather the training Ellouise received as a social worker. If I look at this case study in isolation, taking no other evidence from other organizations into account, I would have to say that social work management has not been able to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the social welfare services of One Way Community Services in this specific situation. text:list-item} One Way Community Services has a lot of relationships and networks with other organizations like the Vaal Alliance for Street Children, Over the Wall and One Life (to name a few). Ellouise says that networks play a big part in what they do and that they assist the organization greatly in the accumulation of financial, support and knowledge resources (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). Once again Ellouise said that her training as a social worker didn’t necessarily prepare her for collaboration and that a lot of what she learnt about how to go about it and who to collaborate with, she learnt as she went along. She mentioned that in her specific case, what was emphasised more during her training was the specific approaches that must be followed and not really the day to day running life of organizations. She mentioned that her practical placements helped to prepare her a lot but in